Corrigendum: Oral ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide: plasma and tissue levels and spinal antihyperalgesic effect.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.

Effects of a Protocol Combining a Non-Irritating Shampoo and an Adelmidrol-Based Adsorbent Mousse on Seborrhoea and Other Signs and Symptoms Secondary to Canine Atopic Dermatitis: A Multicenter, Open-Label Uncontrolled Clinical Trial.

The present study aimed at evaluating the effect of a gentle shampoo and a mousse containing Adelmidrol, tapioca starch and a non-prescription antimicrobial complex on seborrhoea and other clinical signs secondary to canine atopic dermatitis (cAD). Forty-six dogs with cAD-associated seborrhoea and/or pruritus > 4 cm on the pruritus visual analogue scale (P-VAS) and/or bacterial/ overgrowth were enrolled. The mousse was applied twice daily, and dogs were evaluated at days (D)0, 7, 14 and optionally 28, by means of a skin seborrheic index (SSI), P-VAS, cAD lesion index (CADLI), and a semiquantitative cytological score.

Extended Treatment with Micron-Size Oral Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) in Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) emerged over the years as a promising approach in the management of chronic pain. Despite the fact that the efficacy of micron-size PEA formulations appears to be time-dependent, the optimal timing has not yet been elucidated. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to estimate the possible advantage of an extended treatment in the relief of chronic pain.

Psychometric Testing and Validation of the Italian Version of the Helsinki Chronic Pain Index (I-HCPI) in Dogs with Pain Related to Osteoarthritis.

Pain assessment is of paramount importance for properly managing dogs with osteoarthritis (OA) pain. The aim of the present study was to develop and psychometrically validate the Italian version of the Helsinki Chronic Pain Index (I-HCPI). Owners of OA painful ( = 87) and healthy dogs ( = 40) were administered the I-HCPI once or twice after an eight-week meloxicam treatment.

Effect of an Enteroprotective Complementary Feed on Faecal Markers of Inflammation and Intestinal Microbiota Composition in Weaning Puppies.

Weaning entails numerous modifications of the intestinal structure and microbiota composition, making puppies at high risk of sickness during this delicate life stage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a four-week administration of a supplement composed of ultramicronised Palmitoylethanolamide, bovine colostrum and (Normalia Extra, Innovet Italia Srl, Saccolongo, Italy) on markers of gut health and microbiome of weaning puppies. Twenty-nine four-week-old Golden Retriever puppies were randomly assigned to control (CG, = 13) and treated (TG, = 16) groups.

Palmitoyl-glucosamine co-micronized with curcumin for maintenance of meloxicam-induced pain relief in dogs with osteoarthritis pain.

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) pain is the number one cause of chronic pain in dogs. Multimodal treatment, including combining safe and effective nutritional interventions with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), is currently considered one of the most appropriate choices for managing OA pain. Palmitoyl-glucosamine is a feed material belonging to the ALIAmide family, whose parent molecule is the prohomeostatic lipid amide N-palmitoyl-ethanolamine.

Development and validation of an owner-assessed Visual Analog Scale for feline pruritus severity scoring (VAScat).

Background: Assessment of the severity of pruritus is difficult in cats, because they manifest discomfort by increased licking, increased scratching or both.

Hypothesis/objectives: Our objective was to develop and validate a feline-specific pruritus scale (VAScat).

Methods: The scale was designed as a double Visual Analog Scale (VAS), one VAS for licking and one for scratching, with severity and behavioural descriptors.

Serum amyloid A in healthy subjects: assessment of reference value using ELISA method.

Serum amyloid A (SAA) is a family of acute-phase reactants. The rise of SAA concentration in blood circulation during the acute-phase response is a clinical marker of active inflammation. Despite its practical and analytical advantages, SAA measurement by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been used mainly as a research tool rather than for the routine laboratory testing.

Dietary Supplementation with Palmitoyl-Glucosamine Co-Micronized with Curcumin Relieves Osteoarthritis Pain and Benefits Joint Mobility.

Chronic mixed pain and orthopedic dysfunction are the most frequently associated consequences of canine osteoarthritis (OA). An unmet need remains for safe and effective therapies for OA. Palmitoyl-glucosamine (PGA) and curcumin are safe and naturally occurring compounds whose use is limited by poor bioavailability.

Safety and efficacy of a new micronized formulation of the ALIAmide palmitoylglucosamine in preclinical models of inflammation and osteoarthritis pain.

Background: Osteoarthritis is increasingly recognized as the result of a complex interplay between inflammation, chrondrodegeneration, and pain. Joint mast cells are considered to play a key role in orchestrating this detrimental triad. ALIAmides down-modulate mast cells and more generally hyperactive cells.

Effect of dietary supplementation with ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide in maintaining remission in cats with nonflea hypersensitivity dermatitis: a double-blind, multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled study.

Background: Feline nonflea hypersensitivity dermatitis (NFHD) is a frequent cause of over-grooming, scratching and skin lesions. Multimodal therapy often is necessary.

Hypothesis/objectives: To investigate the efficacy of ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide (PEA-um) in maintaining methylprednisolone-induced remission in NFHD cats.

Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide (um-PEA) as Add-on Treatment in Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS): Retrospective Observational Study on 407 Patients.

Background: Fibromyalgia syndrome is a chronic multifaceted disease characterized by widespread pain, muscle stiffness, fatigue, unrefreshing sleep and cognitive disorders. To date, no medication has been shown to significantly improve pain, associated symptoms and Quality of Life in fibromyalgic patients.

Methods: In this retrospective observational study, we analyzed data regarding 407 patients with diagnosis of fibromyalgia syndrome who between 2013 and 2016 have been prescribed orally ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide tablets (Normast® Epitech Group SpA, Saccolongo, Italy) regardless of the concomitant pharmacological therapy (add-on treatment).

A double-blinded, randomized, methylprednisolone-controlled study on the efficacy of oclacitinib in the management of pruritus in cats with nonflea nonfood-induced hypersensitivity dermatitis.

Background: Oclacitinib is a Janus-kinase inhibitor that decreases interleukin-31-induced pruritus in cats. At 0.4-0.

Adelmidrol + sodium hyaluronate in IC/BPS or conditions associated to chronic urothelial inflammation. A translational study.

Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) is a chronic bladder condition characterized by frequent urination, bladder inflammation and pain. It is a particular challenging disease and a clear unmet medical need in terms of identifying new therapeutic strategies. The aim of study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of intravesical Vessilen (a new formulation of 2% adelmidrol (the diethanolamide derivative of azelaic acid) + 0.

The comparative efficacy of afoxolaner, spinosad, milbemycin, spinosad plus milbemycin, and nitenpyram for the treatment of canine cutaneous myiasis.

Background: Canine screw-worm myiasis due to Cochliomyia hominivorax or Chrysomya bezziana has traditionally been treated with extra-label use of ivermectin. The larvicidal activities of nitenpyram and spinosad/milbemycin also have been described, but there have been no reports to describe the efficacy of isoxazolines such as afoxolaner.

Objectives: To evaluate and compare the efficacy of spinosad, spinosad/milbemycin, milbemycin, nitenpyram and afoxolaner for the treatment of canine screw-worm myiasis.

Evaluation of the value of staining hair samples with a modified Wright-Giemsa stain and/or showing illustrated guidelines for the microscopic diagnosis of dermatophytosis in cats.

Background: Direct examination of the hair is a simple diagnostic test for the diagnosis of dermatophytosis; training is needed to use this test.

Hypothesis/objectives: To evaluate whether use of modified Wright-Giemsa blue stain and/or photographic images of infected and uninfected hairs improved the user's ability to identify infected or uninfected hairs.

Animals: Ten cats with, and 10 cats without, dermatophytosis due to Microsporum canis (n = 20).

Oral Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide: Plasma and Tissue Levels and Spinal Anti-hyperalgesic Effect.

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is a pleiotropic lipid mediator with established anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic activity. Ultramicronized PEA (PEA-um) has superior oral efficacy compared to naïve (non-micronized) PEA. The aim of the present study was two-fold: (1) to evaluate whether oral PEA-um has greater absorbability compared to naïve PEA, and its ability to reach peripheral and central tissues under healthy and local inflammatory conditions (carrageenan paw edema); (2) to better characterize the molecular pathways involved in PEA-um action, particularly at the spinal level.

A novel composite formulation of palmitoylethanolamide and quercetin decreases inflammation and relieves pain in inflammatory and osteoarthritic pain models.

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common progressive joint disease in dogs and cats. The goal of OA treatment is to reduce inflammation, minimize pain, and maintain joint function. Currently, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.

Ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide counteracts the effects of compound 48/80 in a canine skin organ culture model.

Background: Ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide (PEA-um) has been reported to reduce pruritus and skin lesions in dogs with moderate atopic dermatitis and pruritus.

Hypothesis/objectives: A canine ex vivo skin model was used to investigate the ability of PEA-um to counteract changes induced by compound 48/80, a well-known secretagogue that causes mast cell degranulation.

Animals: Normal skin was obtained from three donor dogs subjected to surgery for reasons unrelated to the study.

Ultra-micronized Palmitoylethanolamide: An Efficacious Adjuvant Therapy for Parkinson's Disease.

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is the subject of intense efforts to develop strategies that slow down or stop disease progression and disability. Substantial evidence points to a prominent role for neuroinflammation in the underlying dopaminergic cell death. Ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide (um-PEA) is well-known for its ability to promote the resolution of neuroinflammation and exert neuroprotection.

Development and validation of a questionnaire to evaluate the Quality of Life of cats with skin disease and their owners, and its use in 185 cats with skin disease.

Background: Skin disease can negatively affect the Quality of Life (QoL) of cats and of their owners.

Objectives: To develop and evaluate a questionnaire on QoL of cats with skin disease and their owners.

Methods: Following interviews with owners of cats with severe skin disease and elaboration of a preliminary 19 item questionnaire, a final 15 item (score 0-3) questionnaire was developed.

Palmitoylethanolamide, a Special Food for Medical Purposes, in the Treatment of Chronic Pain: A Pooled Data Meta-analysis.

Background: A growing body of evidence suggests that neuroinflammation, which is characterized by infiltration of immune cells, activation of mast cells and glial cells, and production of inflammatory mediators in the peripheral and central nervous systems, has an important role in the induction and maintenance of chronic pain. These findings support the notion that new therapeutic opportunities for chronic pain might be based on anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving mediators that act on immune cells, in particular mast cells and glia, to mitigate or abolish neuroinflammation. Among anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving lipid mediators, palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) has been reported to down-modulate mast cell activation and to control glial cell behaviors.

Co-ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide/Luteolin in the Treatment of Cerebral Ischemia: from Rodent to Man.

Acute ischemic stroke, the most frequent cause of permanent disability in adults worldwide, results from transient or permanent reduction in regional cerebral blood flow and involves oxidative stress and inflammation. Despite the success of experimental animal models of stroke in identifying anti-inflammatory/neuroprotective compounds, translation of these putative neuroprotectants to human clinical trials has failed to produce a positive outcome. Tissue injury and stress activate endogenous mechanisms which function to restore homeostatic balance and prevent further damage by upregulating the synthesis of lipid signaling molecules, including N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA or palmitoylethanolamide).

Efficacy of ultra-micronized palmitoylethanolamide in canine atopic dermatitis: an open-label multi-centre study.

Background: Palmitoylethanolamide is a naturally occurring bioactive lipid, produced on-demand by damage-exposed cells. Palmitoylethanolamide is documented to counteract inflammation, itch and pain.

Objective: The aim of this 8-week study was to evaluate the efficacy of oral ultra-micronized palmitoylethanolamide (PEA-um) in dogs with moderate atopic dermatitis.