Patent Foramen Ovale-A Not So Innocuous Septal Atrial Defect in Adults.

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a common congenital atrial septal defect with an incidence of 15-35% in the adult population. The development of the interatrial septum is a process that begins in the fourth gestational week and is completed only after birth. During intrauterine life, the foramen ovale allows the passage of highly oxygenated blood from the right to the left atrium and into the systemic arteries, thus bypassing the pulmonary circulation.

Etanercept as a successful therapy in autoinflammatory syndrome related to TRNT1 mutations: a case-based review.

Mutations in the gene encoding tRNA nucleotidyltransferase 1 (TRNT1) are associated with heterogeneous phenotypes and multisystem involvement of variable severity and progression. Immunodeficiency and inflammation are recurrent-associated features. The use of cytokine inhibitors in suppressing the inflammatory phenotype has been recently reported, with a 3-year follow-up for patients treated with Etanercept.