Understanding the effect of heating rate on hydrothermal liquefaction: A comprehensive investigation from model compounds to a real food waste.

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) emerges as an efficient technology for converting food waste into biocrude. Among HTL parameters, the impact of heating rate is understudied. This study systematically explores its variation (5-115 K/min) on HTL performance using actual food waste and model compounds representing its constituents.