Gait Adaptability and the Effect of Ocular Disorders on Visually Guided Walking in Parkinson's Disease.

Gait disorders are a disabling feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). To avoid falls, people with PD should be able to adequately adapt their gait. This requires correct response inhibition and integration of visual information.

The Many Faces of Blurry Vision in Parkinson's Disease: An Illustrative Case Series.

Ocular disorders constitute a major component of the non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). Blurry vision is commonly associated with PD, but often challenging to interpret. The clinical spectrum of blurred vision is broad, and finding the underlying aetiology can be challenging.

Undetected ophthalmological disorders in Parkinson's disease.

Background: Ophthalmological disorders are common and frequently disabling for people with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, details on the prevalence, severity and impact of ophthalmological disorders thus far lacking. We aimed to identify PD patients with undetected ophthalmological disorders in a large cross-sectional, observational study.

Seeing ophthalmologic problems in Parkinson disease: Results of a visual impairment questionnaire.

Objective: To determine the prevalence and clinical effect of ophthalmologic symptoms in patients with Parkinson disease (PD), compared with controls, using a standardized questionnaire.

Methods: In this observational, cross-sectional, multicenter study, 848 patients with PD and 250 healthy controls completed the Visual Impairment in Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (VIPD-Q). The VIPD-Q addressed 4 domains according to structures: (1) ocular surface; (2) intraocular; (3) oculomotor; and (4) optic nerve.

Towards seeing the visual impairments in Parkinson's disease: protocol for a multicentre observational, cross-sectional study.

Background: Visual disorders are common in Parkinson's disease (PD) but their exact frequency and severity are unknown. Good visual functioning is crucial for patients with PD, because of their need to compensate for loss of automated motor control and their postural instability, forcing patients to guide their movements visually. Here, we describe the study design of a cross-sectional, multi-centre study aiming to: (1) validate the Visual Impairment screening questionnaire (VIPD-Q, which aims to identify PD patients who should be referred to an ophthalmologist for further assessment); (2) study the prevalence of visual disorders in PD; (3) study the severity and clinical impact of different types of visual disorders in PD; and (4) explore treatment options for ophthalmologic disorders in PD, as a basis for future guideline development.

Diplopia in Parkinson's disease: visual illusion or oculomotor impairment?

Introduction: Approximately 20% of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) experience diplopia; however, the cause of the diplopia is unclear. We aimed to explore the association of diplopia, and its subtypes, with oculomotor abnormalities, impaired vision, and visual hallucinations, in patients with PD.

Methods: This exploratory study included 41 PD patients, recruited from two general hospitals, of whom 25 had diplopia and 16 did not have diplopia, as well as 23 healthy controls (HCs).

How I do it: The Neuro-Ophthalmological Assessment in Parkinson's Disease.

Visual disorders like double vision, dry eyes, and visual field deficits are common but frequently missed in Parkinson's disease. Here, we aim to increase awareness for these visual disorders in Parkinson patients by discussing several common problems that can be easily diagnosed using comprehensive history taking and a basic neuro-ophthalmological examination. We offer practical guidance for the patient interview and physical exam that can facilitate a timelier recognition of visual disorders.

Axial motor clues to identify atypical parkinsonism: A multicentre European cohort study.

Objective: Differentiating Parkinson's disease (PD) from atypical parkinsonian disorders (APD) such as Multiple System Atrophy, parkinsonian type (MSA-p) or Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP-RS) can be challenging. Early signs of postural Instability and gait disability (PIGD) are considered clues that may signal presence of APD. However, it remains unknown which PIGD test - or combination of tests - can best distinguish PD from APD.