Albuminuria, Forgotten No More: Underlining the Emerging Role in CardioRenal Crosstalk.

Kidneys have an amazing ability to adapt to adverse situations, both acute and chronic. In the presence of injury, the kidney is able to activate mechanisms such as autoregulation or glomerular hyperfiltration to maintain the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). While these adaptive mechanisms can occur in physiological situations such as pregnancy or high protein intake, they can also occur as an early manifestation of diseases such as diabetes mellitus or as an adaptive response to nephron loss.

Evolving Concepts on Inflammatory Biomarkers and Malnutrition in Chronic Kidney Disease.

While patient care, kidney replacement therapy, and transplantation techniques for chronic kidney disease (CKD) have continued to progress, the incidence of malnutrition disorders in CKD appears to have remained unchanged over time. However, there is now a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology according to the disease background, disease stage, and the treatment received. In CKD patients, the increased production of proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress lead to a proinflammatory milieu that is at least partially responsible for the increased morbidity and mortality in this patient population.