Evaluation of 10-minute post-injection 11C-PiB PET and its correlation with 18F-FDG PET in older adults who are cognitively healthy, mildly impaired, or with probable Alzheimer's disease.

Objective: Positron emission tomography (PET) allows in vivo evaluation of molecular targets in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. Mild cognitive impairment is an intermediate stage between normal cognition and Alzheimer-type dementia. In vivo fibrillar amyloid-beta can be detected in PET using [11C]-labeled Pittsburgh compound B (11C-PiB).

Effects of exercise training on brain metabolism and cognitive functioning in sleep apnea.

Impaired glucose metabolism reflects neuronal/synaptic dysfunction and cognitive function decline in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The study investigated the extent to which exercise training (ET) improves cerebral metabolic glucose rate (CMRgl) and cognitive function in patients with OSA. Patients with moderate to severe OSA were randomly assigned to ET (3 times/week, n = 23) or no intervention (control, n = 24).

Evaluating the efficacy of hearing aids for tinnitus therapy - A Positron emission tomography study.

Brain imaging studies have revealed neural changes in chronic tinnitus patients that are not restricted to auditory brain areas; rather, the engagement of limbic system structures, attention and memory networks are has been noted. Hearing aids (HA) provide compensation for comorbid hearing loss and may decrease tinnitus-related perception and annoyance. Using resting state positron emission tomography our goal was to analyze metabolic and functional brain changes after six months of effective HA use by patients with chronic tinnitus and associated sensorineural hearing loss.

imaging evidence of poor cognitive resilience to Alzheimer's disease pathology in subjects with very low cognitive reserve from a low-middle income environment.

Introduction: Reduced cognitive reserve (CR) due to very low educational (VLE) levels may influence high dementia rates in low-middle income environments, leading to decreased cognitive resilience (RES) to Alzheimer´s disease (AD) pathology. However, findings in VLE groups confirming this prediction are lacking.

Methods: Cognitively impaired patients (with clinically defined AD dementia or amnestic mild cognitive impairment) and cognitively unimpaired older adults (n = 126) were recruited for a positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) investigation in Brazil, including 37 VLE individuals (≤5 years of education).

FDG-PET Patterns Predict Amyloid Deposition and Clinical Profile in Corticobasal Syndrome.

Background: Corticobasal syndrome (CBS) is an atypical parkinsonian syndrome related to multiple underlying pathologies.

Objective: To investigate if individual brain [ F]fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) patterns could distinguish CBS due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) from other pathologies based on [ C]Pittsburgh Compound-B (PIB)-PET.

Methods: Forty-five patients with probable CBS were prospectively evaluated regarding cognitive and movement disorders profile.

Ictal SPECT in Psychogenic Nonepileptic and Epileptic Seizures.

Background: Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) are a common and debilitating problem in patients with epilepsy. They can be virtually indistinguishable from epileptic seizures, demanding video-electroencaphalogram monitoring, which is costly and not widely available, for differential diagnosis. Specific functional brain correlates of PNES have not been demonstrated so far.

Correction to: Brain PET amyloid and neurodegeneration biomarkers in the context of the 2018 NIA-AA research framework: an individual approach exploring clinical-biomarker mismatches and sociodemographic parameters.

In the last paragraph of the subsession "Recruitment of the study population and clinical Evaluation" (Material and methods session).

Brain PET amyloid and neurodegeneration biomarkers in the context of the 2018 NIA-AA research framework: an individual approach exploring clinical-biomarker mismatches and sociodemographic parameters.

Purpose: [F]FDG-PET and [C]PIB-PET are validated as neurodegeneration and amyloid biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We used a PET staging system based on the 2018 NIA-AA research framework to compare the proportion of amyloid positivity (A+) and hypometabolism ((N)+) in cases of mild probable AD, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and healthy controls, incorporating an additional classification of abnormal [F]FDG-PET patterns and investigating the co-occurrence of such with A+, exploring [F]FDG-PET to generate hypotheses in cases presenting with clinical-biomarker "mismatches."

Methods: Elderly individuals (N = 108) clinically classified as controls (N = 27), aMCI (N = 43) or mild probable AD (N = 38) were included.

Insular and anterior cingulate cortex deep stimulation for central neuropathic pain: Disassembling the percept of pain.

Objective: To compare the analgesic effects of stimulation of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) or the posterior superior insula (PSI) against sham deep (d) repetitive (r) transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in patients with central neuropathic pain (CNP) after stroke or spinal cord injury in a randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled, 3-arm parallel study.

Methods: Participants were randomly allocated into the active PSI-rTMS, ACC-rTMS, sham-PSI-rTMS, or sham-ACC-rTMS arms. Stimulations were performed for 12 weeks, and a comprehensive clinical and pain assessment, psychophysics, and cortical excitability measurements were performed at baseline and during treatment.

Pulmonary inhalation-perfusion scintigraphy in the evaluation of bronchoscopic treatment of bronchopleural fistula.

Objective: To evaluate the use of pulmonary inhalation-perfusion scintigraphy as an alternative method of investigation and follow-up in patients with bronchopleural fistula (BPF).

Materials And Methods: Nine patients with BPFs were treated through the off-label use of a transcatheter atrial septal defect occluder, placed endoscopically, and were followed with pulmonary inhalation-perfusion scintigraphy, involving inhalation, via a nebulizer, of 900-1300 MBq (25-35 mCi) of technetium-99m-labeled diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid and single-photon emission computed tomography with a dual-head gamma camera.

Results: In two cases, there was a residual air leak that was not identified by bronchoscopy or the methylene blue test but was detected only by pulmonary inhalation-perfusion scintigraphy.

Intracranial germinoma causing cerebral haemiatrophy and hypopituitarism.

A young woman presented with primary amenorrhoea, progressive haemiparesis, visual disturbance, dementia and focal motor seizures. Investigations showed hypopituitarism, unilateral cerebral atrophy and inflamed cerebrospinal fluid. A trans-sphenoidal biopsy gave a unifying diagnosis of a pituitary germinoma.

Selecting the most relevant brain regions to discriminate Alzheimer's disease patients from healthy controls using multiple kernel learning: A comparison across functional and structural imaging modalities and atlases.

Background: Machine learning techniques such as support vector machine (SVM) have been applied recently in order to accurately classify individuals with neuropsychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on neuroimaging data. However, the multivariate nature of the SVM approach often precludes the identification of the brain regions that contribute most to classification accuracy. Multiple kernel learning (MKL) is a sparse machine learning method that allows the identification of the most relevant sources for the classification.

Support vector machine-based classification of neuroimages in Alzheimer's disease: direct comparison of FDG-PET, rCBF-SPECT and MRI data acquired from the same individuals.

Objective: To conduct the first support vector machine (SVM)-based study comparing the diagnostic accuracy of T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (T1-MRI), F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) and regional cerebral blood flow single-photon emission computed tomography (rCBF-SPECT) in Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Method: Brain T1-MRI, FDG-PET and rCBF-SPECT scans were acquired from a sample of mild AD patients (n=20) and healthy elderly controls (n=18). SVM-based diagnostic accuracy indices were calculated using whole-brain information and leave-one-out cross-validation.

Which factors are associated with global cognitive impairment in Wilson's disease?

Background: Patients with Wilson's disease (WD) present cognitive impairment, especially in executive functions. Which other factors might be associated with global cognitive decline in these patients remains unclear.

Objective: To assess which factors are associated with worse performance on a global cognitive test in patients with WD.

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for classification of (18)F-NaF uptake on PET/CT.

Objective: To assess the cutoff values established by ROC curves to classify (18)F-NaF uptake as normal or malignant.

Materials And Methods: PET/CT images were acquired 1 hour after administration of 185 MBq of (18)F-NaF. Volumes of interest (VOIs) were drawn on three regions of the skeleton as follows: proximal right humerus diaphysis (HD), proximal right femoral diaphysis (FD) and first vertebral body (VB1), in a total of 254 patients, totalling 762 VOIs.

Brain metabolism and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers profile of non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment in comparison to amnestic mild cognitive impairment and normal older subjects.

Introduction: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is classically considered a transitional stage between normal aging and dementia. Non-amnestic MCI (naMCI) patients, however, typically demonstrate cognitive deficits other than memory decline. Furthermore, as a group, naMCI have a lower rate of an eventual dementia diagnosis as compared to amnestic subtypes of MCI (aMCI).

Effects of Aerobic Training on Cognition and Brain Glucose Metabolism in Subjects with Mild Cognitive Impairment.

Background: Aerobic training (AT) is a promising intervention for mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Objective: To evaluate the effects of AT on cognition and regional brain glucose metabolism (rBGM) in MCI patients.

Methods: Subjects performed a twice-a-week, moderate intensity, AT program for 24 weeks.

Changes in neuropsychological tests and brain metabolism after bariatric surgery.

Context: The mechanisms by which obesity alters the cerebral function and the effect of weight loss on the brain have not been completely clarified.

Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the effect of bariatric surgery on the cognitive function and cerebral metabolism.

Design: Seventeen obese women were studied prior to and 24 weeks after bariatric surgery using neuropsychological tests and positron emission tomography.

Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis with prominent neuropsychiatric apathy.

The spectrum of paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes has increased with the description of encephalitis associated with antibodies against cell surface and synaptic proteins. Subacute cognitive impairment, movement disorders, late onset epilepsy and neuropsychiatric syndromes were recently linked to paraneoplastic encephalitis. Despite that, probably some syndromes and antibodies are yet to be reported.

Unusual presentation of high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the Urinary bladder with small-cell and large-cell features.

High-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder comprehends small-cell and large-cell variants. It is a rare and aggressive neoplasm, mostly diagnosed in advanced stages. It is more frequently encountered among Caucasian men in the sixth decade of life.

Optimal timing for assessment of tumor response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation in patients with rectal cancer: do all patients benefit from waiting longer than 6 weeks?

Purpose: To estimate the metabolic activity of rectal cancers at 6 and 12 weeks after completion of chemoradiation therapy (CRT) by 2-[fluorine-18] fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose-labeled positron emission tomography/computed tomography ([(18)FDG]PET/CT) imaging and correlate with response to CRT.

Methods And Materials: Patients with cT2-4N0-2M0 distal rectal adenocarcinoma treated with long-course neoadjuvant CRT (54 Gy, 5-fluouracil-based) were prospectively studied (ClinicalTrials.org identifier NCT00254683).