Voice recognition is here comma like it or not period.

Voice recognition (VR) technology needs improvement, but is as integral to the current practice of radiology as Radiology Information Systems and Picture Archival and Communication Systems. In the 1990s, the radiology community gave VR technology a rather lukewarm reception, but since then it has emerged as the predominant method of radiology reporting in the United States. In this article, we examine how VR technology works, outline the positive and negative aspects of VR technology on work flow, identify common VR transcription errors and review the discussion on VR adoption in the recent literature.

Serotonin reciprocally regulates melanocortin neurons to modulate food intake.

The neural pathways through which central serotonergic systems regulate food intake and body weight remain to be fully elucidated. We report that serotonin, via action at serotonin1B receptors (5-HT1BRs), modulates the endogenous release of both agonists and antagonists of the melanocortin receptors, which are a core component of the central circuitry controlling body weight homeostasis. We also show that serotonin-induced hypophagia requires downstream activation of melanocortin 4, but not melanocortin 3, receptors.

Neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor mRNA in rodent brain: distribution and colocalization with melanocortin-4 receptor.

The central neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y1 receptor (Y1-R) system has been implicated in feeding, endocrine, and autonomic regulation. In the present study, we systematically examined the brain distribution of Y1-R mRNA in rodents by using radioisotopic in situ hybridization histochemistry (ISHH) with a novel sensitive cRNA probe. Within the rat hypothalamus, Y1-R-specific hybridization was observed in the anteroventral periventricular, ventromedial preoptic, suprachiasmatic, paraventricular (PVH), dorsomedial, ventromedial, arcuate, and mamillary nuclei.

Expression of melanocortin 4 receptor mRNA in the central nervous system of the rat.

The melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4-R) plays a pivotal role in maintaining energy homeostasis in rodents and humans. For example, MC4-R deletion or mutation results in obesity, hyperphagia, and insulin resistance. Additionally, subsets of leptin-induced autonomic responses can be blocked by melanocortin receptor antagonism, suggesting that MC4-R-expressing neurons are downstream targets of leptin.