Exercising with an iPod, friend, or neither: which is better for psychological benefits?

Objective: To examine the role of music and social contact on exercise benefits.

Methods: Two hundred twenty-nine (n = 229) students were randomly assigned to one of 6 conditions: biking alone with iPod or friend in a laboratory, walking alone with iPod or friend outdoors, or biking or walking alone in control conditions. All participants completed 20 minutes of exercise at 70% of their maximum target heart rate.