Disposition and effect of intra-articularly administered dexamethasone on lipopolysaccharide induced equine synovitis.

Background: Dexamethasone is used for the intra-articular route of administration in management of aseptic arthritis in horses. Despite its widespread use there is very little quantitative data of the disposition and response to dexamethasone. The aim of this study was to investigate and describe the synovial fluid and plasma dexamethasone concentration over time and to explore the relation between synovial fluid concentration and response using clinical endpoints as response biomarkers after IA injection of dexamethasone disodium salt solution in an equine model of synovitis.

Cetirizine per os: exposure and antihistamine effect in the dog.

Background: Cetirizine is an antihistamine used in dogs, but plasma concentrations in relation to effect after oral administration are not well studied. This study investigated cetirizine exposure and the plasma cetirizine concentration-antihistamine response relation in the dog following oral administration of cetirizine.

Results: Eight Beagle dogs were included in a cross-over study consisting of two treatments.

Maxsim2 - Real-time interactive simulations for computer-assisted teaching of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.

We developed a computer program for use in undergraduate and graduate courses in pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. This program can also be used in environmental and toxicological studies and preclinical simulation, to facilitate communication between modeling pharmacokineticists and project leaders or other decision-makers in the pharmaceutical industry. The program simulates the drug delivery and transport by means of (I) a six-compartment physiological pharmacokinetic flow model, (II) a system of traditional compartment models, or (III) a target-mediated drug disposition system.

Intramuscular administration of sodium benzylpenicillin in horses as an alternative to procaine benzylpenicillin.

The aim was to supply information about the possibility of replacing the procaine salt with the sodium salt for benzylpenicillin IM treatment in horse in order to diminish the risk for procaine adverse effects. In a crossover study eight horses were given 15 mg/kg sodium benzylpenicillin (Na-pc) twice daily or procaine benzylpenicillin (control) once daily IM for four days. The half-life of Na-pc was 1.

Pharmacokinetics and effects of cetirizine in horses with insect bite hypersensitivity.

Horses with insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) have difficulty in completely avoiding allergens, so effective treatment options are required. A randomised, placebo controlled and double blinded field study was conducted to determine the pharmacokinetics and efficacy in reducing dermatitis of the antihistamine cetirizine given orally at 0.4 mg/kg twice daily for 3 weeks.

Clinical pharmacology of methadone in dogs.

Objective: To investigate the pharmacokinetics and effects of methadone on behaviour and plasma concentrations of cortisol and vasopressin in healthy dogs.

Study Design: Randomized, cross-over, experimental trial.

Animals: Nine adult dogs (beagle and beagle cross breeds), four males and five females.

Cetirizine in horses: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics following repeated oral administration.

The pharmacokinetics of the histamine H(1)-antagonist cetirizine and its effect on histamine-induced cutaneous wheal formation were studied in six healthy horses following repeated oral administration. After three consecutive administrations of cetirizine (0.2 mg/kg body weight, bw) every 12h, the trough plasma concentration of cetirizine was 16+/-4 ng/mL (mean+/-SD) and the wheal formation was inhibited by 45+/-23%.

Effects of isoeugenol on in vitro neuromuscular blockade of rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations.

Objective: To investigate in vitro effects of isoeugenol on neuromuscular transmission in tissues obtained from rats.

Sample Population: Tissues (phrenic nerve and diaphragm) obtained from 15 male Sprague-Dawley rats.

Procedure: Rats were euthanatized, and tissues (phrenic nerves and diaphragm) were obtained.