The tetravalent meningococcal serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine is immunogenic with a clinically acceptable safety profile in subjects previously vaccinated with a tetravalent polysaccharide vaccine.

Objectives: The immunogenicity and safety of the tetravalent meningococcal serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (MenACWY-TT) were evaluated in subjects previously vaccinated with a tetravalent meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine and in subjects without previous meningococcal vaccination.

Methods: In this phase II, open, controlled study (NCT00661557), healthy subjects aged 4.5-34 years received one dose of MenACWY-TT at month 0.

Evidence of infection with H4 and H11 avian influenza viruses among Lebanese chicken growers.

Human infections with H5, H7, and H9 avian influenza viruses are well documented. Exposure to poultry is the most important risk factor for humans becoming infected with these viruses. Data on human infection with other low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses is sparse but suggests that such infections may occur.

Genetic diversity and antiviral drug resistance of pandemic H1N1 2009 in Lebanon.

Background: In June 2009, the World Health Organization announced the 21st century's first influenza pandemic caused by pandemic influenza H1N1 2009 (H1N1 pdm).

Objectives: Our goal was to analyze antiviral drug resistance and the phylogenetic relationships among hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of H1N1 pdm samples in Lebanon.

Study Design: Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 197 patients with influenza-like illness from May 2009 through January 2010.

Antiviral drug susceptibilities of seasonal human influenza viruses in Lebanon, 2008-09 season.

The emergence of antiviral drug-resistant strains of the influenza virus in addition to the rapid spread of the recent pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 virus highlight the importance of surveillance of influenza in identifying new variants as they appear. In this study, genetic characteristics and antiviral susceptibility patterns of influenza samples collected in Lebanon during the 2008-09 season were investigated. Forty influenza virus samples were isolated from 89 nasopharyngeal swabs obtained from patients with influenza-like illness.