Dispersal of influenza virus populations within the respiratory tract shapes their evolutionary potential.

Viral infections are characterized by dispersal from an initial site to secondary locations within the host. How the resultant spatial heterogeneity shapes within-host genetic diversity and viral evolutionary pathways is poorly understood. Here, we show that virus dispersal within and between the nasal cavity and trachea maintains diversity and is therefore conducive to adaptive evolution, whereas dispersal to the lungs gives rise to population heterogeneity.

Groundwater releases CO to diverse global coastal ecosystems.

Coastal ecosystems play a major role in marine carbon budgets, but substantial uncertainties remain in the sources and fluxes of coastal carbon dioxide (CO). Here, we assess when, where, and how submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) releases CO to shallow coastal ecosystems. Time-series observations of dissolved CO and radon (Rn, a natural groundwater tracer) across 40 coastal systems from 14 countries revealed large SGD-derived CO fluxes.

An early precursor CD8 T cell that adapts to acute or chronic viral infection.

This study examines the origin and differentiation of stem-like CD8+ T cells that are essential for sustained T cell immunity in chronic viral infections and cancer and also play a key role in PD-1 directed immunotherapy. These PD-1+ TCF-1+ TOX+ stem-like CD8+ T cells, also referred to as precursors of exhausted T cells, have a distinct program that allows them to adapt to chronic antigen stimulation. Using the mouse model of chronic LCMV infection we found that virus specific stem-like CD8+ T cells are generated early (day 5) during chronic infection suggesting that this crucial fate commitment occurs irrespective of infection outcome.

n. sp. (Enenteridae) in (Kyphosidae) off the Rio de Janeiro coast, Brazil.

The genus Linton, 1910 comprises species which parasitize herbivorous kyphosid fish. In the present study, a new species is described based on fresh specimens collected from from Rio de Janeiro. The new species is characterized by having the oral sucker infundibuliform with 10 lobes, prepharynx two times longer than pharynx, presence of oesophagus, testes slightly lobed, round ovary and rectum with muscular sphincter connected to the anus.

The landscape of primary mismatch repair deficient gliomas in children, adolescents, and young adults: a multi-cohort study.

Background: Gliomas are a major cause of cancer-related death among children, adolescents, and young adults (age 0-40 years). Primary mismatch repair deficiency (MMRD) is a pan-cancer mechanism with unique biology and therapeutic opportunities. We aimed to determine the extent and impact of primary MMRD in gliomas among children, adolescents, and young adults.

Interleukin-2-secreting T helper cells promote extra-follicular B cell maturation via intrinsic regulation of a B cell mTOR-AKT-Blimp-1 axis.

During antigen-driven responses, B cells can differentiate at extra-follicular (EF) sites or initiate germinal centers (GCs) in processes that involve interactions with T cells. Here, we examined the roles of interleukin (IL)-2 secreted by T helper (Th) cells during cognate interactions with activated B cells. IL-2 boosted the expansion of EF plasma cells and the secretion of low-mutated immunoglobulin G (IgG).

Differentiation fate of a stem-like CD4 T cell controls immunity to cancer.

The T cell response to cancer controls disease progression and response to immunotherapy. Despite extensive knowledge regarding CD8 T cells, how CD4 T cells contribute to this process is less well understood. Here we identified a population of PD1TCF1 CD4 T cells with stem-like properties that are capable of self-renewal and differentiation into canonical CD4 effector cells.

Dissecting Secondary Immunodeficiency: Identification of Primary Immunodeficiency within B-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders.

Distinguishing between primary (PID) and secondary (SID) immunodeficiencies, particularly in relation to hematological B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders (B-CLPD), poses a major clinical challenge. We aimed to analyze and define the clinical and laboratory variables in SID patients associated with B-CLPD, identifying overlaps with late-onset PIDs, which could potentially improve diagnostic precision and prognostic assessment. We studied 37 clinical/laboratory variables in 151 SID patients with B-CLPD.

Pre-operative stereotactic radiosurgery and peri-operative dexamethasone for resectable brain metastases: a two-arm pilot study evaluating clinical outcomes and immunological correlates.

Enhancing the efficacy of immunotherapy in brain metastases (BrM) requires an improved understanding of the immune composition of BrM and how this is affected by radiation and dexamethasone. Our two-arm pilot study (NCT04895592) allocated 26 patients with BrM to either low (Arm A) or high (Arm B) dose peri-operative dexamethasone followed by pre-operative stereotactic radiosurgery (pSRS) and resection (n= 13 per arm). The primary endpoint, a safety analysis at 4 months, was met.

Modulation of human-to-swine influenza a virus adaptation by the neuraminidase low-affinity calcium-binding pocket.

Frequent interspecies transmission of human influenza A viruses (FLUAV) to pigs contrasts with the limited subset that establishes in swine. While hemagglutinin mutations are recognized for their role in cross-species transmission, the contribution of neuraminidase remains understudied. Here, the NA's role in FLUAV adaptation was investigated using a swine-adapted H3N2 reassortant virus with human-derived HA and NA segments.

First record of Contracaecum australe (Nematoda: Anisakidae) infecting Neotropic cormorant (Phalacrocorax brasilianus) (Aves: Phalacrocoracidae) in southern Brazil with a phylogenetic analysis.

Phalacrocorax brasilianus (Gmelin, 1789) (Aves: Phalacrocoracidae) is one of the few piscivorous birds inhabiting freshwater and saline environments, being considered one of the most abundant aquatic species in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, especially along the state's coastline. It is known that birds are hosts to a wide variety of disease-causing agents, among them, nematodes of the Contracaecum (Anisakidae) have a large number of recognized species. However, little is still known about the occurrence of these parasites in the Southern region of Brazil.

Differential effects of social versus monetary incentives on inhibitory control under acute inflammation.

While the impact of chronic, low-grade inflammation on cognitive functioning is documented in the context of neurodegenerative disease, less is known about the association between acute increases in inflammation and cognitive functioning in daily life. This study investigated how changes in interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were associated with performance on an inhibitory control task, the go/no-go task. We further examined whether the opportunity to earn different incentive types (social or monetary) and magnitudes (high or low) was associated with differential performance on the task, depending on IL-6 levels.

Nematofauna of Bryconops cf. affinis (Characiformes, Iguanodectidae) and Saxatilia brasiliensis (Cichliformes, Cichlidae) from the Munim River basin, Northeastern Brazil.

Populations of freshwater species have been declining rapidly and species are becoming extinct. Thus, understanding freshwater species distribution, trends and patterns is required. The Munim River basin is situated in a region with a phytogeographic interface between the Amazon and Cerrado biomes.

Neoadjuvant cabozantinib restores CD8+ T cells in patients with locally advanced non-metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a phase 2 trial.

Cabozantinib is an oral multikinase inhibitor approved for treatment in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We hypothesized that neoadjuvant cabozantinib could downstage localized tumors, facilitating partial nephrectomy, and facilitating surgery in patients with locally advanced tumors that would require significant adjacent organ resection. We, therefore, conducted a phase 2, single-arm trial of cabozantinib treatment for 12 weeks in 17 patients with locally advanced biopsy-proven non-metastatic clear cell RCC before surgical resection.

Hotspots of Dissolved Arsenic Generated from Buried Silt Layers along Fluctuating Rivers.

Previous studies along the banks of the tidal Meghna River of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta demonstrated the active sequestration of dissolved arsenic (As) on newly formed iron oxide minerals (Fe(III)-oxides) within riverbank sands. The sand with high solid-phase As (>500 mg/kg) was located within the intertidal zone where robust mixing occurs with oxygen-rich river water. Here we present new evidence that upwelling groundwater through a buried silt layer generates the dissolved products of reductive dissolution of Fe(III)-oxides, including As, while mobilization of DOC by upwelling groundwater prevents their reconstitution in the intertidal zone by lowering the redox state.

Cross-sex hormonal replacement: Some effects over mitochondria.

Transgender is a term for people whose gender identity or expression differs from their natal sex. These individuals often seek cross-hormonal therapy to simulate the individual´s desired gender. However, the use of estrogens and testosterone has side effects such as a higher propensity to cancer, weight changes and cardiovascular diseases.

Mass vaccination with reassortment-impaired live H9N2 avian influenza vaccine.

Avian influenza poses a severe threat to poultry production and global food security, prompting the development of vaccination programs in numerous countries. Modified live virus (MLV) vaccines, with their potential for mass application, offer a distinct advantage over existing options. However, concerns surrounding reversion, recombination, and unintended transmission have hindered the progress of MLV development for avian influenza in poultry.

Molecular and Phylogenomic Analysis of a Vancomycin Intermediate Resistance USA300LV Strain in Chile.

Antimicrobial resistance is a major global health problem, and, among Gram-positive bacteria, methicillin-resistant (MRSA) represents a serious threat. MRSA causes a wide range of infections, including bacteremia, which, due to the limited use of β-lactams, is difficult to treat. This study aimed to analyze 51 MRSA isolates collected in 2018 from samples of patients with bacteremia from two hospitals of the Metropolitan Health Service of Santiago, Chile, both in their resistance profile and in the identification of virulence factors.

Interoceptive Signals Bias Decision Making in Rhesus Macaques.

Several influential theories have proposed that interoceptive signals, sent from the body to the brain, contribute to neural processes that coordinate complex behaviors. We altered the physiological state of the body using compounds that have minimal effect on the brain and evaluated their effect on decision-making in rhesus monkeys. We used glycopyrrolate, a non-specific muscarinic (parasympathetic) antagonist, and isoproterenol, a beta-1/2 (sympathetic) agonist, to create a sympathetic-dominated state in the periphery, that was indexed by increased heart rate.

Distinct SIV-specific CD8 T cells in the lymph node exhibit simultaneous effector and stem-like profiles and are associated with limited SIV persistence.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cure efforts are increasingly focused on harnessing CD8 T cell functions, which requires a deeper understanding of CD8 T cells promoting HIV control. Here we identifiy an antigen-responsive TOXTCF1CD39CD8 T cell population with high expression of inhibitory receptors and low expression of canonical cytolytic molecules. Transcriptional analysis of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific CD8 T cells and proteomic analysis of purified CD8 T cell subsets identified TOXTCF1CD39CD8 T cells as intermediate effectors that retained stem-like features with a lineage relationship with terminal effector T cells.