The history of women and hemophilia: a narrative review of evolving beliefs and testing practices.

The history of hemophilia is well documented, yet reports focus heavily on the male perspective and severe forms of the disease. Although hemophilia was initially believed to only affect men with women seen as silent carriers, it is now universally acknowledged that women and girls can also be affected. In this narrative review, we tracked the progression of beliefs about women and hemophilia as documented in the literature from pre-1800s to the present time.

Antimicrobial Resistance and Phylogenetic Relatedness of Serovars in Indigenous Poultry and Their Drinking Water Sources in North Central Nigeria.

There is scant information on in indigenous poultry in Nigeria. We investigated the occurrence and characterized serovars in indigenous poultry and their drinking water sources to enhance the monitoring of the infection in poultry and to promote public health. We collected 1208 samples, poultry droppings (n = 1108), and water (n = 100) across 15 markets in North Central Nigeria.

Genomic characterisation of isolated from poultry at retail through Sink Surveillance in Dhaka, Bangladesh reveals high levels of multi-drug resistance.

The surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in commensal from livestock at slaughter is widely employed to assess the potential for risk to humans. There is currently a limited understanding of AMR in Bangladesh poultry at retail in live bird markets, with studies focussing solely on phenotypic characterisation of resistance. To address this evidence gap we performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole genome sequencing on obtained from chickens from live bird markets in Dhaka in 2018 ( = 38) and 2020 ( = 45).

Nanopore sequencing for identification and characterization of antimicrobial-resistant and spp. from tilapia and shrimp sold at wet markets in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Wet markets in low-and middle-income countries are often reported to have inadequate sanitation resulting in fecal contamination of sold produce. Consumption of contaminated wet market-sourced foods has been linked to individual illness and disease outbreaks. This pilot study, conducted in two major wet markets in Dhaka city, Bangladesh during a 4-month period in 2021 aimed to assess the occurrence and characteristics of and non-typhoidal spp.

Molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Brachyspira species isolated from UK chickens: Identification of novel variants of pleuromutilin and beta-lactam resistance genes.

Brachyspira species are Gram negative, anaerobic bacteria that colonise the gut of many animals, including poultry. In poultry, Brachyspira species can be commensal (B. innocens, B.

Prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and genomic characterisation of spp. in retail chicken in Hanoi, Vietnam.

spp. are a leading cause of bacterial foodborne zoonosis worldwide, with poultry meat and products recognised as a significant source of human infection. In Vietnam there are few data regarding the occurrence, antimicrobial resistance, and genomic diversity of in poultry and poultry meat.

Prevalence and genomic characterization of isolates from commercial chicken eggs retailed in traditional markets in Ghana.

are important foodborne bacterial pathogens globally associated with poultry. Exposure to -contaminated eggs and egg-related products is a major risk for human salmonellosis. Presently, there is a huge data gap regarding the prevalence and circulating serovars of in chicken eggs sold in Ghana.

Multidrug-resistant non-typhoidal of public health significance recovered from migratory birds in Bangladesh.

Non-typhoidal provides an exemplar for the One Health approach as it encompasses public and animal health, food safety, and environmental considerations. The contribution of environmental aspects is currently less well-defined. The purpose of this study was to determine the carriage occurrence of non-typhoidal in migratory birds in Bangladesh and assess the potential significance to public and animal health.

Determination of antimicrobial use in commercial poultry farms in Plateau and Oyo States, Nigeria.

Background: Indiscriminate use of antimicrobials for the prevention and treatment of bacterial infection in animals is a common practice in Nigeria as in other developing countries. These antimicrobials are purchased over the counter without restrictions and often administered in form of medicated feedstuffs. In Nigeria, like most developing countries, antimicrobial prescription data are not routinely collected or reported at the farm level, instead import data are used in reporting antimicrobial consumption.

Does playing surface affect the risk of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in the National Football League? A look at the 2017 - 2021 NFL seasons.

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are devastating injuries for athletes. Prior studies have shown increased ACL injury rates on non-natural surfaces versus natural grass in several sports. The purpose of this study is to calculate the prevalence of ACL injuries in the NFL on natural versus non-natural surfaces to determine if there is a significant increase on non-natural surfaces.

Establishing a marine monitoring programme to assess antibiotic resistance: A case study from the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region.

The World Health Organization considers antimicrobial resistance as one of the most pressing global issues which poses a fundamental threat to human health, development, and security. Due to demographic and environmental factors, the marine environment of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region may be particularly susceptible to the threat of antimicrobial resistance. However, there is currently little information on the presence of AMR in the GCC marine environment to inform the design of appropriate targeted surveillance activities.

Molecular characterization of extended spectrum cephalosporin resistant isolated from livestock and in-contact humans in Southeast Nigeria.

The rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria is reducing therapeutic options for livestock and human health, with a paucity of information globally. To fill this gap, a One-Health approach was taken by sampling livestock on farms ( = 52), abattoir ( = 8), and animal markets ( = 10), and in-contact humans in Southeast Nigeria. Extended spectrum cephalosporin (ESC)-resistant (ESC-R) was selectively cultured from 975 healthy livestock faecal swabs, and hand swabs from in-contact humans.

Whole-Genome Sequencing of Isolates From England and Wales Reveals Similarities to European Isolates and Mutations Associated With Reduced Sensitivity to Antimicrobials.

Brachyspira hyodysenteriae is the principal cause of swine dysentery, a disease that threatens economic productivity of pigs in many countries as it can spread readily within and between farms, and only a small number of antimicrobials are authorized for treatment of pigs. In this study, we performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of 81 archived at the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) from diagnostic submissions and herd monitoring in England and Wales between 2004 and 2015. The resulting genome sequences were analyzed alongside 34 genomes we previously published.

Reduction in antimicrobial resistance prevalence in Escherichia coli from a pig farm following withdrawal of group antimicrobial treatment.

An important element in the control of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is reduction in antimicrobial usage. In the veterinary sector individual antimicrobial treatment of livestock, rather than the use of group treatment, can help achieve this goal. The aim of this study was to investigate how cessation of group antimicrobial treatment impacted the prevalence of AMR in commensal Escherichia coli in pigs at one farm over an 11-month period.

Retrospective analysis of necrotizing typhlitis cases associated with spp. in British rheas.

This paper describes a retrospective analysis of necrotizing typhlitis in common rheas () diagnosed in the United Kingdom by the Animal & Plant Health Agency (APHA). From January 2008 to January 2020, seven cases of spirochaetal typhlitis associated with spp. were identified using the Veterinary Investigation Diagnosis Analysis database.

Validation of an antimicrobial susceptibility testing protocol for Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira pilosicoli in an international ring trial.

Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira pilosicoli cause economically important enteric disease in pigs. Treatment of these infections often includes antimicrobial administration, which can be most effective when therapeutic options are informed by antimicrobial susceptibility testing data. Here we describe a method for broth dilution antimicrobial susceptibility testing of these bacteria, both of which are difficult to culture in vitro.

Use of whole genome sequencing of commensal in pigs for antimicrobial resistance surveillance, United Kingdom, 2018.

BackgroundSurveillance of commensal , a possible reservoir of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, is important as they pose a risk to human and animal health. Most surveillance activities rely on phenotypic characterisation, but whole genome sequencing (WGS) presents an alternative.AimIn this retrospective study, we tested 515 isolated from pigs to evaluate the use of WGS to predict resistance phenotype.

Healthcare professionals in the 'tainted blood' era in Canada: Their forgotten emotions.

Introduction: During the 1970s and early 1980s, Canada's comprehensive care haemophilic programs were established. Newer therapies led to a rapid increase in quality of life and expected life span for persons with haemophilia (PWH). The outlook was bright.

Public reason in justifications of conscientious objection in health care.

Current mainstream approaches to conscientious objection either uphold the standards of public health care by preventing objections or protect the consciences of health-care professionals by accommodating objections. Public justification approaches are a compromise position that accommodate conscientious objections only when objectors can publicly justify the grounds of their objections. Public justification approaches require objectors and assessors to speak a common normative language and to this end it has been suggested that objectors should be required to cast their objection in terms of public reason.

Weakly haemolytic variants of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae newly emerged in Europe belong to a distinct subclade with unique genetic properties.

Brachyspira (B.) hyodysenteriae is widespread globally, and can cause mucohaemorrhagic colitis (swine dysentery, SD) with severe economic impact in infected herds. Typical strains of B.

The Market View on conscientious objection: overvalued.

Ancell and Sinnott-Armstrong argue that medical providers possess wide freedoms to determine the scope of their practice, and therefore, prohibiting almost any conscientious objections is a bad idea. They maintain that we could create an acceptable system on the whole which even grants accommodations to discriminatory refusals by healthcare professionals. Their argument is premised upon applying a free market mechanism to conscientious objections in medicine, yet I argue their Market View possesses a number of absurd and troubling implications.