Chemical Characterization and In Vitro Evaluation of Glucans from Fermentation-Produced Nutraceutical Bionutri-AR1: Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Properties.

The consumption of nutraceuticals or food supplements has increased crucially, aiming to address nutrient deficits and enhance immune system function. To develop safe food products with unique nutritional and functional benefits, new production methods of these nutraceuticals such as the fermentative process have been gaining prominence for industrial applications. Bionutri-AR1 is a nutraceutical produced via this bioprocess, featuring a complex composition, that has been used to improve the immune systems of debilitated people.

β-(1 → 3)(1 → 6)glucan from Schizophyllum commune 227E.32: High yield production via glucose/xylose co-metabolization.

A co-metabolization of xylose and glucose by Schizophyllum commune 227E.32 wild mushroom for exopolysaccharide (EPS) production is presented. Cultivations performed with S.

Immunomodulatory Effect of Polysaccharides from the Mushroom-Forming Basidiomycete (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota).

consists of a widely distributed genus of basidiomycetes, especially in tropical regions of the world, such as Japan, Australia, Paraguay, and Brazil. This genus biosynthesizes interesting bioactive compounds, such as sesquiterpenoids, oligoisoprenoids, styrylpyrones, and lectins. In the present study, the aqueous extract of the basidiomata of (Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes, Agaricales, Hymenogastraceae) was obtained by using the accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) technique, followed by the precipitation of polysaccharide fraction with ethanol.

MG-: A Novel Galectin-3 Ligand with Antimelanoma Properties and Adjuvant Effects to Dacarbazine.

Melanoma is a highly metastatic and rapidly progressing cancer, a leading cause of mortality among skin cancers. The melanoma microenvironment, formed from the activity of malignant cells on the extracellular matrix and the recruitment of immune cells, plays an active role in the development of drug resistance and tumor recurrence, which are clinical challenges in cancer treatment. These tumoral metabolic processes are affected by proteins, including Galectin-3 (Gal-3), which is extensively involved in cancer development.

Changes in cell wall composition and ultrastructure related to desiccation during the seed maturation of Paubrasilia echinata (brazilwood).

Paubrasilia echinata (brazilwood) is an endangered native tree from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest whose seeds tolerate maturation drying, but, unlike classic orthodox seeds, they quickly lose viability after shedding. This work analyzed the biochemical and ultrastructural changes during the maturation of brazilwood seeds, with particular attention to the cell walls and organization of the cellular components. The physiological seed maturity was accompanied by increased starch content and decreased soluble sugars.

A galactose-rich heteropolysaccharide extracted from "jaboticaba" (Plinia cauliflora) peels.

The objective of this work was to extract, identify and characterize a galactose-rich heteropolysaccharide (GH) from "jaboticaba" peel. The best conditions to extract the GH according to a 2 full-factorial experimental design were 90 °C/30 min/pH 1.0, resulting in a 32.

Structure elucidation of a bioactive fucomannogalactan from the edible mushroom Hypsizygus marmoreus.

A fucomannogalactan (FMG-Hm), with a molecular weight of 17.1 kDa, obtained from fruiting bodies of Hypsizygus marmoreus exhibited promising in vitro antimelanoma effects. FMG-Hm was not cytotoxic, nor did it alter the cell morphology and proliferation, but was able to inhibit colony-forming ability and cell migration in B16-F10 murine melanoma cells.

Immunomodulatory activity of β-glucan-containing exopolysaccharides from Auricularia auricular in phagocytes and mice infected with Cryptococcus neoformans.

Current antifungal drugs present poor effectiveness and there is no available vaccine for fungal infections. Thus, novel strategies to treat or prevent invasive mycosis, such as cryptococcosis, are highly desirable. One strategy is the use of immunomodulators of polysaccharide nature isolated from mushrooms.

Inhibition of Leishmania amazonensis arginase by fucogalactan isolated from Agrocybe aegerita mushroom.

The inhibition of arginase from Leishmania spp. is considered a promising approach to the leishmaniasis treatment. In this study, the potential of a fucogalactan isolated from the medicinal mushroom Agrocybe aegerita was evaluated against arginase (ARG) from Leishmania amazonensis.

Chemical structure of a partially 3-O-methylated mannofucogalactan from edible mushroom Grifola frondosa.

An unusual heteropolysaccharide was isolated from the fruiting bodies of the medicinal mushroom Grifola frondosa, via successive cold aqueous extraction, followed by fractionation through freeze-thawing, precipitation with Fehling solution and dialysis using a membrane with a size exclusion cut-off of 500 kDa. Its chemical structure was determined based on total acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis and NMR studies. The mannofucogalactan had a molar mass of 15.

Partially methylated galactans containing different proportions of 3-O-methyl-galactose from Pleurotus citrinopileatus.

Pleurotus citrinopileatus, popularly known as "golden oyster mushroom" have medicinal properties, which are attributed mainly to the presence of bioactive polysaccharides. In this work, two partially 3-O-methylated galactans were isolated from the fruiting bodies of this fungus, via successive aqueous extraction, followed by fractionation by freeze-thawing, and precipitation of soluble material with Fehling solution. The structural assignments were carried out using mono- and bidimensional NMR spectroscopy, monosaccharide composition, and methylation analyses.

Safe therapeutics of murine melanoma model using a novel antineoplasic, the partially methylated mannogalactan from Pleurotus eryngii.

A heteropolysaccharide was isolated by cold aqueous extraction from edible mushroom Pleurotus eryngii ("King Oyster") basidiocarps and its biological properties were evaluated. Structural assignments were carried out using mono- and bidimensional NMR spectroscopy, monosaccharide composition, and methylation analyses. A mannogalactan having a main chain of (1→6)-linked α-d-galactopyranosyl and 3-O-methyl-α-d-galactopyranosyl residues, both partially substituted at OH-2 by β-d-Manp (MG-Pe) single-unit was found.

Water-soluble polysaccharides from Pleurotus ostreatus var. florida mycelial biomass.

Pleurotus ostreatus var. florida known as Hiratake has a high nutritional value, presents medicinal and nutraceutical properties and it is one of the consumed mushrooms in Brazil. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize the chemical structure of polysaccharides found in mycelial biomass produced by submerged culture of P.

Glucuronoarabinoxylan from coconut palm gum exudate: chemical structure and gastroprotective effect.

A glucuronoarabinoxylan (CNAL) was extracted with 1% aq. KOH (25°C) from Cocos nucifera gum exudate. It had a homogeneous profile on HPSEC-MALLS-RI (Mw 4.

Fucomannogalactan and glucan from mushroom Amanita muscaria: structure and inflammatory pain inhibition.

A fucomannogalactan (FMG-Am) and a (1→3), (1→6)-linked β-D-glucan (βGLC-Am) were isolated from Amanita muscaria fruiting bodies. These compounds' structures were determined using mono- and bi-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, methylation analysis, and controlled Smith degradation. FMG-Am was shown to be a heterogalactan formed by a (1→6)-linked α-D-galactopyranosyl main chain partially substituted at O-2 mainly by α-L-fucopyranose and a minor proportion of β-D-mannopyranose non-reducing end units.

Lactarius rufus (1→3),(1→6)-β-D-glucans: structure, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects.

Medicinal health benefits uses of edible as well as non-edible mushrooms have been long recognized. The pharmacological potential of mushrooms, especially antitumor, immunostimulatory and anti-inflammatory activities has been documented. Wild ectomycorrhizal mushroom, Lactarius rufus had the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive potential of their polysaccharides evaluated using the formalin model.

Polysaccharide glucomannan isolated from Heterodermia obscurata attenuates acute and chronic pain in mice.

Glucomannan (GM) is a polysaccharide obtained from Heterodermia obscurata lichens. The present study was conducted to elucidate the antinociceptive effect of GM in behavioural models of acute and chronic pain in mice. GM reduced mechanical allodynia and the levels of interleukin 1-β (IL-1β) in spinal cord and nerve in the partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL) model.

Sulfonation and anticoagulant activity of fungal exocellular β-(1→6)-D-glucan (lasiodiplodan).

An exocellular β-(1→6)-D-glucan (lasiodiplodan) produced by a strain of Lasiodiplodia theobromae (MMLR) grown on sucrose was derivatized by sulfonation to promote anticoagulant activity. The structural features of the sulfonated β-(1→6)-D-glucan were investigated by UV-vis, FT-IR and (13)C NMR spectroscopy, and the anticoagulant activity was investigated by the classical coagulation assays APTT, PT and TT using heparin as standard. The content of sulfur and degree of substitution of the sulfonated glucan was 11.

Agaricus bisporus fucogalactan: structural characterization and pharmacological approaches.

The fucogalactan from Agaricus bisporus (EFP-Ab) obtained on aqueous extraction followed by purification had M(w) 37.1 × 10(4)g mol(-1) relative to a (1→6)-linked α-D-Galp main-chain partially methylated at HO-3, and partially substituted at O-2 by nonreducing end-units of α-L-Fucp or β-d-Galp. EFP-Ab also inhibited significantly the neurogenic and inflammatory phases of formalin-induced licking, however, the antinociceptive effect was more pronounced against the inflammatory phase with ID(50) of 36.

Chemical and biological properties of a highly branched β-glucan from edible mushroom Pleurotus sajor-caju.

Hot aqueous extraction of the basidiocarps of the mushroom Pleurotus sajor-caju provided a cold water-soluble, gel-like glucan, which was characterized chemically, and its effects on RAW 264.7 cell line (mouse leukaemic monocyte macrophage) activation were determined. NMR spectroscopy, HPSEC, methylation analysis, and a controlled Smith degradation showed it to have a branched structure with a (1→3)-linked β-Glcp main-chain, substituted at O-6 by single-unit β-Glcp side-chains, on the average of two to every third residues of the backbone, with a molar mass of 9.

Chemical structure and selected biological properties of a glucomannan from the lichenized fungus Heterodermia obscurata.

Successive aqueous and alkaline extraction of the thallus of the lichenized fungus Heterodermia obscurata provided a highly branched glucomannan fraction (GM), whose chemical structure was determined. This was based on monosaccharide composition, methylation, partial acid hydrolysis, and NMR spectroscopic analysis. It consisted of a main chain of (1→6)-linked α-D-mannopyranosyl units, almost all being substituted at O-2 with α-D-glucopyranosyl, α-D-mannopyranosyl, and 4-O-substituted α-D-mannopyranosyl groups.

Antithrombin and heparin cofactor II-mediated inactivation of alpha-thrombin by a synthetic, sulfated mannogalactan.

Introduction: A mannogalactan from Pleurotus ostreatoroseus (MgPr) was chemically sulfated to give MgPr-S1, which was evaluated for its anticoagulant and antithrombotic activities, bleeding tendency, and platelet aggregation.

Materials And Methods: MgPr-S1 was partially characterized by HPSEC-MALLS, methylation analysis, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Its anticoagulant activity was determined by assays of aPTT, TT, alpha-thrombin and factor Xa residual activity, heparin cofactor II (HCII)-, or antithrombin (AT)-mediated inhibition.

Structure of Agaricus spp. fucogalactans and their anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties.

Fucogalactans from Agaricus brasiliensis (EPF-Ab) and A. bisporus var. hortensis (EPF-Ah) were prepared via by aqueous extraction and a purification procedure.

Exopolysaccharide from surface-liquid culture of Clonostachys rosea originates from autolysis of the biomass.

We describe the purification and chemical characterization of galactomannans that appear both in the biomass and the culture broth during surface-liquid culture of the fungus Clonostachys rosea, a common facultative saprophyte that has potential to be used as a biological control agent against several plant pathogenic fungi, insects and nematodes. The galactomannans from both sources had comparable ratios of Man, Gal and Glc and the similarity were confirmed by (1)H, (13)C NMR, HMQC, and COSY spectra. We propose that the galactomannan in the culture broth originates from autolysis of the biomass, based not only on the similarity that it has with the galactomannan extracted from the biomass but also on the fact that its concentration increased rapidly after glucose depletion from the medium, when biomass concentration was falling.

A 3-O-methylated mannogalactan from Pleurotus pulmonarius: structure and antinociceptive effect.

A polysaccharide (Mw 2.39x10(4)g/mol) was extracted with cold water from the basidiomycete Pleurotus pulmonarius, and its antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties were evaluated. It was a mannogalactan (MG), whose structure was characterized using mono- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, methylation analysis, and a controlled Smith degradation.