For four sixes, revisited.

Rarely is the extraction of the four first molars the ideal choice in the course of orthodontic treatment, particularly in older patients. Although this approach can offer distinct advantages in carefully selected patients, it is also associated with a number of well-recognized problems, including the extension of treatment times, anchorage management, and control of second molars during space closure. However, by careful use of contemporary materials and techniques, a high standard of treatment can be achieved, even in patients with complex malocclusions.

Guidelines for the orthodontic management of the traumatised tooth.

Dental trauma is common in the UK, with more than one in ten children having experienced some form of dental trauma. In addition, one in ten patients have been reported to have experienced dental trauma before orthodontic treatment. A recent survey of orthodontists' knowledge and experience of orthodontic management of traumatised teeth has highlighted large inconsistencies in management of traumatised teeth among UK orthodontists, highlighting the need for further information or training on orthodontic management of traumatised teeth.

Orthodontic management of traumatized teeth: A national survey of UK orthodontists.

Background/aim: There is a lack of research into orthodontic movement and management strategies of traumatized teeth. The aim of this survey was to assess the knowledge of UK-based orthodontists in the orthodontic management of traumatized teeth.

Materials/methods: A 24-item questionnaire survey was electronically distributed to all members of the British Orthodontic Society.