A review of toxicity assessment procedures of solar photovoltaic modules.

Environmental management of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules is attracting attention as a growing number of field-operated PV modules approach end of life (EoL). PV modules may contain small amounts of toxic metals, and the procedures for assessing and regulating the toxic metal content and release of such materials at EoL differ widely across nations. This paper provides an overview of the metal composition of PV modules and common procedures for toxicity assessment through extensive research and review of technical literature and legislative documents.

Environmental and health risks of perovskite solar modules: Case for better test standards and risk mitigation solutions.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) promise high efficiencies and low manufacturing costs. Most formulations, however, contain lead, which raises health and environmental concerns. In this review, we use a risk assessment approach to identify and evaluate the technology risks to the environment and human health.