Discrete element modelling and mechanical properties and cutting experiments of Kom. stems.

The forage crop Kom. is of high quality, and the biomechanical properties of its plant system are of great significance for the development of harvesting equipment and the comprehensive utilisation of crop resources. However, the extant research on the biomechanical properties of Kom.

Forelimb joints contribute to locomotor performance in reindeer () by maintaining stability and storing energy.

Reindeer () have lengthy seasonal migrations on land and their feet possess excellent locomotor characteristics that can adapt to complex terrains. In this study, the kinematics and vertical ground reaction force (GRF) of reindeer forelimb joints (interphalangeal joint , metacarpophalangeal joint , and wrist joint ) under walk, trot 1, and trot 2 were measured using a motion tracking system and Footscan pressure plates. Significant differences among different locomotor activities were observed in the joint angles, but not in changes of the joint angles ( , , ) during the stance phase.