Strong yet incomplete reproductive isolation in is not contradicted by other lines of evidence: A reply to Toews et al.

Toews et al. assert that strong reproductive isolation in is inconsistent with other lines of evidence. Here, we discuss how strong yet incomplete reproductive isolation is consistent with other results from this system.

Implications for evolutionary trends from the pairing frequencies among golden-winged and blue-winged warblers and their hybrids.

Extensive range loss for the Golden-winged Warbler () has occurred in areas of intrusion by the Blue-winged Warbler () potentially related to their close genetic relationship. We compiled data on social pairing from nine studies for 2,679 resident to assess evolutionary divergence. Hybridization between pure phenotypes occurred with 1.

Acting Wisely: Eliminating Negative Bias in Medical Education-Part 2: How Can We Do Better?

In Part 1 of this 2-article series, the authors reviewed the problem of unmitigated bias in medical education and proposed a wisdom-based framework for a different way of educating medical students. In this article, Part 2, the authors answer a key question: How can medical educators do better? Is a bias-free environment possible? The answer to the latter question likely is "no." In fact, having a zero-bias goal in mind may blind educators and students to the implicit biases that affect physicians' decisions and actions.

Acting Wisely: Eliminating Negative Bias in Medical Education-Part 1: The Fundamentals.

Bias is a ubiquitous problem in human functioning. It has plagued medical decision making, making physicians prone to errors of perception and judgment. Racial, gender, ethnic, and religious negative biases infest physicians' perception and cognition, causing errors of judgment and behavior that are damaging.

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy after electroconvulsive therapy.

Background: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is a novel acute cardiac syndrome characterized by transient regional systolic dysfunction of the left-ventricular apex and mid-ventricle, with hyperkinesis of the basal left ventricular segments, which has been associated with severe emotional or physical stress.

Method: This is the second published case report of takotsubo cardiomyopathy occurring in the setting of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).

Results: The patient, a 52-year-old woman, experienced chest pain and discomfort shortly after ECT treatment.

Daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: clinical predictors of outcome in a multisite, randomized controlled clinical trial.

Randomized controlled trials support the antidepressant efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS); however, there is individual variability in the magnitude of response. Examination of response predictors has been hampered by methodological limitations such as small sample sizes and single-site study designs. Data from a multisite sham-controlled trial of the antidepressant efficacy of TMS provided an opportunity to examine predictors of acute outcome.

Relationships of sexual, physical, and emotional abuse to emotional and behavioral problems among incarcerated adolescents.

This study examined the relationships of sexual, physical and emotional abuse to emotional (internalizing) and behavioral (externalizing) problems among incarcerated girls and boys. Participants were youth who were remanded to the correctional facilities within a statewide juvenile correctional system in a southern state in the United States of America. Each participant completed a structured interview regarding abuse history, emotional and behavioral difficulties, and demographic characteristics.

Patterns of processing bias for emotional information across clinical disorders: a comparison of attention, memory, and prospective cognition in children and adolescents with depression, generalized anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder.

This study investigated theoretical claims that different emotional disorders are associated with different patterns of cognitive bias, both in terms of the cognitive processes involved and the stimulus content that is preferentially processed. These claims were tested by comparing clinically anxious (generalized anxiety disorder [GAD], posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD]) and clinically depressed children and adolescents on a range of cognitive tasks measuring attention, memory, and prospective cognition, with both threat-related and depressogenic stimulus materials. The results did reveal some relative specificity of processing in that the anxious participants exhibited a greater selective attentional bias for threat relative to depressogenic material with no such difference being apparent in the depressed sample.

Psychiatric functioning and substance use: factors associated with HIV risk among incarcerated adolescents.

This study examined several types of psychiatric functioning (neuropsychiatric, emotional, and cognitive functioning) and substance use in relation to HIV risk behavior among 894 incarcerated girls and boys. Youth remanded to juvenile correctional facilities in a southern US state completed a structured interview regarding abuse history, emotional and behavioral difficulties, and demographics. Adolescents who experienced sullen affect were significantly more likely to engage in behaviors that put them at risk for HIV infection.

Judgements about emotional events in children and adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder and controls.

Research with clinically anxious adults has revealed that they estimate future negative events as far more likely to occur, relative to healthy controls. In addition, anxious adults estimate that such events are more likely to happen to themselves than to others. Previous research with anxious children and adolescents, in contrast, has revealed no increased probability estimates for negative events, relative to controls, and the events were rated as more likely to happen to others than to the self.

Alcohol usage in sport and exercise.

In this review we consider some of the acute and chronic effects of alcohol on human exercise and sport performance. The 1982 position stand of the American College of Sport Medicine on the use of alcohol in sport emphasized that there was little benefit for an athlete. Subsequent literature continues to demonstrate that there are adverse effects on performance.

Information processing in recovered depressed children and adolescents.

Previous research into subjective probability estimates for negative events revealed that depressed children estimated events as equally likely to happen to themselves as to other children. In contrast, both controls and anxious children estimated that negative events were more likely to happen to others than to themselves. The present study followed up this finding by investigating the subjective probability judgements concerning future negative events generated by children and adolescents who have recovered from depression.

Evidence of acute stress disorder after diagnosis of cancer.

Cancer patients frequently have symptoms of anxiety and depression after diagnosis. Often these symptoms are apparent to the physician. We report the case of a cancer patient who appeared to her physician to be coping relatively well but was actually having psychologic symptoms that met criteria for acute stress disorder (ASD).

Information processing in clinically depressed and anxious children and adolescents.

The investigation of cognitive content and processes in childhood anxiety and depression has lagged behind similar research in the adult population. What studies do exist have largely restricted themselves to examining the nature of the thoughts that anxious and depressed children report. There is almost no research examining the ways in which anxious and depressed children perceive, attend to, remember, or think and make judgements about, emotional material.

Prevalence of HIV-related risk behaviors and STDs among incarcerated adolescents.

Purpose: To determine the HIV-related risk behaviors and STDs in a population of incarcerated adolescents in order to strategically target education and prevention efforts.

Methods: A single point-in-time prevalence study based on an analysis of intake medical records of 1,215 incarcerated youth were analyzed for HIV risk behaviors and STD history.

Results: Incarcerated adolescents report high rates of risk behaviors for HIV infection and STDs, with 75% reporting three or more sex partners, 25% never using condoms and 19% having a current diagnosis of at least one STD.

Assessing organizational effectiveness in higher education drug prevention consortia.

Eighty-three consortia of institutions of higher education, organized under funding from the Fund for the Improvement of Post-Secondary Education (FIPSE) Drug Prevention Programs of the Department of Education, were surveyed to measure organizational effectiveness. Generalized satisfaction with the functioning of the consortia was related to the number of active members, the average miles traveled to meetings, satisfaction with performance of task functions, members' roles, the level of trust among members and the level of creativity and innovation in problem-solving. Satisfaction with goal attainment was significantly related to the presence of at least one "internal" goal for the consortium.

Smart drugs: Implications of student use.

The use of Smart Drugs to enhance intelligence, improve memory and maximize cognitive functioning in healthy individuals has attracted the attention of the popular press. This paper discusses the implication of the nonmedical college student use of "nootropic" Smart Drugs, a class of pharmaceuticals legally available in other countries to treat diseases associated with mental decline or dysfunction. Nootropic drug use is compared to steroid use in a student population.

Risk-taking behavior of college students and social forces.

We surveyed 1,900 first-year students at the University of Virginia 1 month after arrival. We looked at drinking and driving practices. Men drank more and they drank more often than women.

Alcohol and cocaine use among first-year college students.

We surveyed 1528 first-year students at the University of Virginia, 1 month after their arrival on campus, who had used alcohol at some time in their lives. Our survey was designed to identify alcohol and cocaine use, and related psychosocial patterns. Men drank more and more often than women.