DMSO-soluble smoking particles up-regulate the vascular endothelin receptors through AMPK-SIRT1 and MAPK pathways.

Smoking is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. However, the mechanisms behind how smoking leads to vasospasm are not fully elucidated. Endothelin receptors are involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases.

Cyclosporin A up-regulated thromboxane A receptor through activation of MAPK and NF-κB pathways in rat mesenteric artery.

Cyclosporin A (CsA) is an immunosuppressant used in transplantation patients and inflammatory diseases. CsA-induced local vasoconstriction can lead to serious side effects including nephrotoxicity and hypertension. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood.

Discoidin Domain-Containing Receptor 2 Is Present in Human Atherosclerotic Plaques and Involved in the Expression and Activity of MMP-2.

Discoidin domain-containing receptor 2 (DDR2) has been suggested to be involved in atherosclerotic progression, but its pathological role remains unknown. Using immunochemical staining, we located and compared the expression of DDR2 in the atherosclerotic plaques of humans and various animal models. Then, siRNA was applied to knock down the expression of DDR2 in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and the migration, proliferation, and collagen -induced expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were evaluated.

Minimally modified low-density lipoprotein upregulates mouse mesenteric arterial 5-HT receptor in vivo via activation of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway.

Objectives: To explore whether minimally modified low-density lipoprotein (mmLDL) upregulates mesenteric arterial 5-hydroxytryptamine 1B (5-HT) receptor expression by activating the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.

Methods: Mice were randomly divided into the following groups: the normal saline (NS), LDL, mmLDL, mmLDL+galiellactone (GL, a JAK2/STAT3 pathway inhibitor), and mmLDL+DMSO groups. The dose-response curve of mesenteric arterial ring constriction after administration of 5-carboxamidotryptamine (5-CT), an agonist of 5-HT, was recorded with a microvascular tensiometer.

Sorafenib not only impairs endothelium-dependent relaxation but also promotes vasoconstriction through the upregulation of vasoconstrictive endothelin type B receptors.

As a VEGF-targeting agent, sorafenib has been used to treat a number of solid tumors but can easily lead to adverse vascular effects. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, rat mesenteric arteries were subjected to organ cultured in the presence of different concentrations of sorafenib (0, 3, 6 and 9 mg/L) with or without inhibitors (U0126, 10 M; SB203580, 10 M; SP200126, 10 M) of MAPK kinases, and then acetylcholine- or sodium nitroprusside-induced vasodilation and sarafotoxin 6c-induced vasoconstriction were monitored by a sensitive myograph. The NO synthetases, the nitrite levels, the endothelial marker CD31,the ET and ET receptors and the phosphorylation of MAPK kinases were studied.

The roles of endothelin and its receptors in cigarette smoke-associated pulmonary hypertension with chronic lung disease.

Chronic exposure to cigarette smoke is the major risk factor for the development of pulmonary hypertension (PH) with chronic lung disease (i.e. PH group III).

Development and Characterization of A New Dimethicone Nanoemulsion and its Application for Electronic Gastroscopy Examination.

Purpose: Although the effective and safe medical defoamers, dimethicone (DM) and simethicone (SM) are widely used in electronic gastroscope examination (EGE), their preparations are presented in the form of suspensions or emulsions, these are untransparent or milk-like in appearance and can easily cause misdiagnosis as a result of an unclear field of vision if the doctor does not master the amount of defoamer or operates incorrectly. At the same time, it is also difficult to wash out the camera and pipeline, due to the large oil droplets of preparations. The purpose of this study was to develop a new clear and transparent oil in water (O/W) DM nanoemulsions (DMNs) and observe the effect of application in EGE.

The Class III PI3K/Beclin-1 Autophagic Pathway Participates in the mmLDL-Induced Upregulation of ET Receptor in Mouse Mesenteric Arteries.

Minimally modified low-density lipoprotein (mmLDL) is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The current study explored the effect of mmLDL on the endothelin type A (ETA) receptor in mouse mesenteric arteries , as well as the role of autophagy in this process. mmLDL was injected via the caudal vein, and the Class III PI3K autophagic pathway inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) was injected intraperitoneally.

Toll-like receptor protein 4 monoclonal antibody inhibits mmLDL-induced endothelium-dependent vasodilation dysfunction of mouse mesenteric arteries.

Minimally modified low-density lipoprotein (mmLDL) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This study was designed to investigate the effect of a Toll-like receptor 4 monoclonal antibody (TLR4 mAb) on mmLDL-induced endothelium-dependent vasodilation (EDV) impairment in mouse mesenteric arteries and to explore the underlying mechanism. Animals were divided into a normal control group, an mmLDL treatment group, and a TLR4 mAb intervention group.

Cigarette Smoke Particles-Induced Airway Hyperreactivity in Vivo and in Vitro.

Cigarette smoke is a well-known strong risk factor for inducing airway hyperreactivity (AHR), but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. In the present study, mouse in-vivo and in-vitro models were used to study effects of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-extracted cigarette smoke particles (DSP) on the airway, and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms that are involved in DSP-induced AHR. In mouse in-vivo model, DSP (0.

Minimally modified low-density lipoprotein upregulates the ET and α receptors in mouse mesenteric arteries in vivo by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway.

Objectives: The current study aimed to explore whether minimally modified low-density lipoprotein (mmLDL) via tail vein injection upregulates the ET and α receptors in mouse mesenteric arteries by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway.

Methods: The contraction curves of the mesenteric arteries caused by sarafotoxin 6c (S6c, ET receptor agonist) and phenylephrine (PE, α receptor agonist) were measured by a myograph system. Serum oxLDL was detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.

MicroRNA-770 affects proliferation and cell cycle transition by directly targeting CDK8 in glioma.

Background: MicroRNAs play crucial roles in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. miR-770 has been reported to be downregulated in several cancers and affects cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis and drug resistance. However, the role and underlying molecular mechanism of miR-770 in human glioma remain unknown and need to be further elucidated.

Tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside-induced relaxation of the superior mesenteric artery via both endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent mechanisms.

Tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside (TSG) is the main water-soluble component in Polygonum multiflorum Thunb, and it has many cardioprotective effects. Although TSG is able to relax blood vessels, its relaxation of rat superior mesenteric arteries and the underlying mechanism of this process are not clearly understood. The aim of the present study was to use in vivo and in vitro models to investigate the arterial relaxation effect of TSG on rat superior mesenteric arteries and the mechanisms involved.

Role of endothelin‑1 and its receptors in cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Cerebral vasospasm (CVS) is a severe complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and endothelin‑1 (ET‑1) may be involved in its pathogenesis. The present study aimed to investigate the expression of ET‑1 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in patients with SAH and to analyze rat arterial contractility and the expression levels of ET‑1 receptors in vitro. CSF samples were collected from 28 patients and the expression levels of ET‑1 were measured.

Short‑term use of atorvastatin affects glucose homeostasis and suppresses the expression of LDL receptors in the pancreas of mice.

Low‑density lipoprotein receptors (LDLRs) may serve a role in the diabetogenic effect of statins; however, the effects of statins on LDLR expression and its regulation in the pancreas and islets have yet to be determined. To exclude the long‑term effects of treatment with atorvastatin, which allows mice to adapt, male C57BL/j and apolipoprotein E‑deficient mice were acutely treated with oral atorvastatin for 6 weeks, and glucose homeostasis and LDLR expression in the pancreas and islets were examined. In the present study, it was observed that the short‑term use of atorvastatin affected insulin sensitivity in normal mice and glucose tolerance in hyperlipidemic mice.

Tail vein injection of mmLDL upregulates mouse mesenteric artery ET receptors via activation of the ERK1/2 pathway.

Minimally modified low density lipoprotein (mmLDL) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This study investigated the effect of mmLDL on mouse mesenteric artery endothelin type B (ET) receptors and its molecular mechanism. Mice were injected with normal saline (NS group), mmLDL in the tail vein (mmLDL group), or with both mmLDL and an intraperitoneal injection of the ERK1/2 pathway-specific inhibitor U0126 (mmLDL+U0126 group).

Downregulation of Thromboxane A Receptor Occurs Mainly via Nuclear Factor-KappaB Signaling Pathway in Rat Renal Artery.

Thromboxane A (TXA) acts on TXA receptors (TP) to regulate renal artery blood flow and subsequently contributes to the pathogenesis of renal ischemia. The present study was designed to examine if nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-B) signaling pathway is involved in the downregulation of TP receptors in rat renal artery. Rat renal artery segments were organ cultured for 6 or 24 h.

Statins and New-Onset Diabetes Mellitus: LDL Receptor May Provide a Key Link.

Numerous studies have noted that populations treated with statins have increased risk for new-onset diabetes mellitus; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Interestingly, familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) patients with mutations in the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene are protected against diabetes mellitus (DM), despite these patients being subjected to long-term statin therapy. Since the common pathway between FH and statin therapy is LDLR-mediated cellular cholesterol uptake, the arising question is whether the LDLR plays an important role in the diabetogenic effect of statins.

The sirt1/NF-kB signaling pathway is involved in regulation of endothelin type B receptors mediated by homocysteine in vascular smooth muscle cells.

Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Endothelin type B (ET) receptors were involved in the pathogenesis of CVDs. However, Sirtuin 1(Sirt1) has potential protect roles for CVDs.

Minimally Modified LDL-Induced Impairment of Endothelium-Dependent Relaxation in Small Mesenteric Arteries of Mice.

Minimally modified low-density lipoprotein (mmLDL) is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The present study was designed to investigate the role of mmLDL in the endothelium-dependent relaxation of mouse mesenteric arteries. A sensitive myograph system was employed to examine the endothelial function of mesenteric arteries.

Lipid-soluble Cigarette Smoke Particles Induced Vascular Endothelin Type A Receptor Up-Regulation through Activation of ERK1/2 Signal Pathways.

Abnormal contraction of vessels termed 'vasospasm' is associated with various cardiovascular diseases. Smoking is a well-known risk factor that increases vasospasm. However, the molecular mechanisms by which smoking leads to vasospasm and cardiovascular disease are not fully understood.

Endothelium-dependent and-independent relaxation induced by resveratrol in rat superior mesenteric arteries.

Resveratrol (Res) is a specific agonist of sirtuin 1, and has many cardioprotective effects. Although Res is able to relax various vascular beds, its pharmacological properties in rat superior mesenteric arteries and the underlying mechanism are not well clarified. The aim of present study was to investigate the vasorelaxant effects of Res on rat superior mesenteric arteries and the mechanisms involved.

Homocysteine regulates endothelin type B receptors in vascular smooth muscle cells.

Vascular smooth muscle endothelin type B (ET) receptor is involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for CVDs. The present study was designed to examine the hypothesis that homocysteine (Hcy) up-regulates vascular smooth muscle ET receptors.

The ERK1/2 pathway participates in the upregulation of the expression of mesenteric artery α1 receptors by intravenous tail injections of mmLDL in mice.

Minimally modified low density lipoprotein (mmLDL) is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. However, no studies examining the effect of mmLDL on vascular smooth muscle receptors have been released. The current study investigated the effect of mmLDL on the mesenteric artery α1 adrenoceptor and the molecular mechanisms.