Serotype Distribution Among US Adults Hospitalized With Community-Acquired Pneumonia, 2019-2020.

Background: Serotype-specific urinary antigen detection (UAD) assay results can be used to estimate the serotype contribution among adults with pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and to guide recommendations regarding higher-valency pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs).

Methods: Adults aged ≥18 years hospitalized with radiographic evidence of CAP were prospectively enrolled in 4 US cities from November 2019 to December 2020, overlapping the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Data were collected by patient interview and medical chart review.

The Health and Economic Effects of PCV15 and PCV20 During the First Year of Life in the US.

(1) Background/Objectives: Two pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, 15-(PCV15) and 20-(PCV20) valent formulations, are routinely recommended for US children in a 3+1 schedule. The first three doses are administered during the first year of life at 2, 4, and 6 months, while a booster dose is given at 12 to 15 months. This study evaluated the health and economic effects of the PCV20 infant series within the first year of life compared to PCV15.

Annual Clinical and Economic Burden of Medically Attended Lower Respiratory Tract Illnesses Due to Respiratory Syncytial Virus among US Infants Aged <12 Months.

We developed a model to project the expected annual clinical and economic burden of medically attended lower respiratory tract illnesses due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV-LRTI) among US infants aged <12 months by combining information on population size, disease rates, mortality rates, and unit costs. Among the 3.7 million US infants aged <12 months each year, a total of 592,700 cases of RSV-LRTI (hospitalizations: 48,499; emergency department visits: 144,599; outpatient clinic visits: 399,602) were projected to occur, yielding total annual costs of $1.

Annual public health and economic burden of medically attended respiratory syncytial virus illnesses among US adults.

Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of lower respiratory tract disease (LRTD) among adults and can lead to serious morbidity and mortality; however, evidence on the magnitude of the public health and economic burden of adult RSV-LRTD is limited. This study was undertaken to project annual clinical outcomes and economic costs of medically attended RSV-LRTD among US adults, and to identify subgroups responsible for a disproportionate share of disease burden.

Methods: Clinical outcomes of RSV-LRTD were projected for subgroups of US adults defined by age and comorbidity profile (with vs.

Association of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection Among Older Adult Recipients of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccines: A Longitudinal Cohort Study.

Background: Pneumococcal carriage is associated with increased acquisition and duration of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among adults. While pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) prevent carriage of vaccine-serotype pneumococci, their potential impact on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related outcomes remains poorly understood in populations with prevalent immunity against SARS-CoV-2.

Methods: We undertook a retrospective cohort study of adults aged ≥65 years in the Kaiser Permanente Southern California healthcare system who had received ≥2 COVID-19 vaccine doses, comparing risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection between 1 January 2021 and 31 December 2022 among recipients and nonrecipients of 13-valent PCV (PCV13) employing multiple strategies to mitigate bias from differential test-seeking behavior.

Cost-effectiveness and impact on infections and associated antimicrobial resistance of 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in US children previously immunized with PCV13.

Aim: The US Food and Drug Administration approved the 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV20) to prevent pneumococcal disease. In the context of routine PCV20 vaccination, we evaluated the cost-effectiveness and public health and economic impact of a PCV20 catch-up program and estimated the number of antibiotic prescriptions and antibiotic-resistant infections averted.

Materials And Methods: A population-based, multi-cohort, decision-analytic Markov model was developed using parameters consistent with previous PCV20 cost-effectiveness analyses.

Cost-Effectiveness of 20-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Among US Children with Underlying Medical Conditions.

Introduction: A 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV20) was recently recommended for use among US children. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of PCV20 among children aged 6 years with chronic medical conditions (CMC+) and children aged 6 years with immunocompromising conditions (IC) versus one and two doses of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23), respectively.

Methods: A probabilistic model was employed to depict 10-year risk of clinical outcomes and economic costs of pneumococcal disease, reduction in life years from premature death, and expected impact of vaccination among one cohort of children with CMC+ and IC aged 6 years.

The Cost of Seasonal Influenza: A Systematic Literature Review on the Humanistic and Economic Burden of Influenza in Older (≥ 65 Years Old) Adults.

Introduction: Adults aged ≥ 65 years contribute a large proportion of influenza-related hospitalizations and deaths due to increased risk of complications, which result in high medical costs and reduced health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Although seasonal influenza vaccines are recommended for older adults, the effectiveness of current vaccines is dependent on several factors including strain matching and recipient demographic factors. This systemic literature review aimed to explore the economic and humanistic burden of influenza in adults aged ≥ 65 years.

Cost-effectiveness of 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in US infants.

Background: As of June 2023, two pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, 20- (PCV20) and 15- (PCV15) valent formulations, are recommended for US infants under a 3 + 1 schedule. This study evaluated the health and economic impact of vaccinating US infants with a new expanded valency PCV20 formulation.

Methods: A population-based, multi cohort, decision-analytic Markov model was developed to estimate the public health impact and cost-effectiveness of PCV20 from both societal and healthcare system perspectives over 10 years.

Invasive Pneumococcal Disease After 2 Decades of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Use.

Objectives: We sought to describe the evolving epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) among children in Massachusetts, United States, over the last 2 decades during which sequential 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV7) and 13-valent PCVs (PCV13) were implemented.

Methods: Cases of IPD in children aged <18 years were detected between 2002 and 2021 through an enhanced population-based, statewide surveillance system. Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from normally sterile sites were serotyped and evaluated for antimicrobial susceptibility.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of PCV20 to prevent pneumococcal disease in the Canadian pediatric population.

This study assessed the cost-effectiveness of the 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV20) in Canadian infants aged <2 years versus the standard of care (SoC), a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13), or a potential 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV15). A decision-analytic Markov model was developed to compare PCV20 with PCV13 or PCV15 in a 2 + 1 schedule over 10 years. Vaccine effect estimates (direct and indirect) across all ages were informed by PCV13 clinical effectiveness and impact studies as well as PCV7 efficacy studies.

Clinical outcomes of COVID-19 and influenza in hospitalized children <5 years in the US.

Introduction: We compared hospitalization outcomes of young children hospitalized with COVID-19 to those hospitalized with influenza in the United States.

Methods: Patients aged 0-<5 years hospitalized with an admission diagnosis of acute COVID-19 (April 2021-March 2022) or influenza (April 2019-March 2020) were selected from the PINC AI Healthcare Database Special Release. Hospitalization outcomes included length of stay (LOS), intensive care unit (ICU) admission, oxygen supplementation, and mechanical ventilation (MV).

Validation of Claims-Based Algorithm for Lyme Disease, Massachusetts, USA.

Compared with notifiable disease surveillance, claims-based algorithms estimate higher Lyme disease incidence, but their accuracy is unknown. We applied a previously developed Lyme disease algorithm (diagnosis code plus antimicrobial drug prescription dispensing within 30 days) to an administrative claims database in Massachusetts, USA, to identify a Lyme disease cohort during July 2000-June 2019. Clinicians reviewed and adjudicated medical charts from a cohort subset by using national surveillance case definitions.

Understanding the Global Burden of Influenza in Adults Aged 18-64 years: A Systematic Literature Review from 2012 to 2022.

Introduction: Adults aged 18-64 years comprise most of the working population, meaning that influenza infection can be disruptive, causing prolonged absence from the workplace, and reduced productivity and the ability to care for dependents. Influenza vaccine uptake is relatively low, even among the older adults in this population (i.e.

Burden of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections Preventable by Adult Immunization With 15- and 20-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines in the United States.

Background: Updated recommendations of the US Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices indicate that all adults aged ≥65 years and adults aged <65 years with comorbid conditions should receive 15- and 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV15/20). We aimed to assess the potential impact of these recommendations on the burden of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) among adults.

Methods: We estimated the incidence of LRTI cases and associated hospital admissions among enrollees of Kaiser Permanente Southern California from 2016 through 2019.

Serum bactericidal activity against circulating and reference strains of meningococcal serogroup B in the United States: A review of the strain coverage of meningococcal serogroup B (MenB) vaccines in adolescents and young adults.

Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is rare but associated with high morbidity and mortality. In the United States, the most vulnerable age groups are infants and adolescents/young adults, and the most common type of IMD is caused by serogroup B (MenB). MenB is preventable among adolescents and young adults with the use of two licensed vaccines, MenB-FHbp (Trumenba®, bivalent rLP2086; Pfizer Inc, Collegeville, PA) and MenB-4C (Bexsero®; GSK Vaccines, Srl, Italy).

Burden of Acute-Care Hospitalization for Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Canadian Adults Aged 50 Years or Older: Focusing on Most Responsible Diagnosis Tells Only Part of the Story.

The burden of all-cause community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), including pneumococcal pneumonia, is typically estimated using ICD codes where pneumonia is coded as the most responsible diagnosis (MRDx). Pneumonia may also be coded as other than most responsible diagnosis (ODx) based on administrative and reimbursement criteria. Analyses including pneumonia as MRDx only likely underestimate hospitalized CAP incidence.

Understanding the Barriers and Attitudes toward Influenza Vaccine Uptake in the Adult General Population: A Rapid Review.

Influenza is a common respiratory infection associated with a substantial clinical, humanistic, and economic burden globally. Vaccines are essential to prevent and control influenza and are recommended by public-health agencies, such as the WHO and US CDC; however, vaccination rates vary considerably across the globe. This review aimed to investigate the perceived barriers and attitudes to influenza vaccination in the global population, in order to identify strategies that may improve influenza vaccination coverage.

COVID-19 Epidemiology, Immunity, and Vaccine Development in Children: A Review.

Although pediatric populations experienced lower COVID-19 severity and mortality than adults, the epidemiology of this disease continues to evolve. COVID-19 clinical manifestations in pediatrics commonly include fever and cough, but may differ from adults and by variant. Serious complications, including MIS-C, rarely occur.

PCV13 Pediatric Routine Schedule Completion and Adherence Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States.

Introduction: A 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) was licensed to protect against emerging Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes. Healthcare services, including routine childhood immunizations, were disrupted as a result of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study compared PCV13 routine vaccination completion and adherence among US infants before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and the relationship between primary and booster dose completion and adherence.

Public health impact of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162b2) in the first year of rollout in the United States.

Background: As the body of evidence on COVID-19 and post-vaccination outcomes continues to expand, this analysis sought to evaluate the public health impact of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine, BNT162b2, during the first year of its rollout in the US.

Methods: A combined Markov decision tree model compared clinical and economic outcomes of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine (BNT162b2) versus no vaccination in individuals aged ≥12 years. Age-stratified epidemiological, clinical, economic, and humanistic parameters were derived from existing data and published literature.

Effectiveness of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination Against Virus-Associated Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Among Adults: A Case-Control Study.

Background: Interactions of Streptococcus pneumoniae with viruses feature in the pathogenesis of numerous respiratory illnesses.

Methods: We undertook a case-control study among adults at Kaiser Permanente Southern California between 2015 and 2019. Case patients had diagnoses of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI; including pneumonia or nonpneumonia LRTI diagnoses), with viral infections detected by multiplex polymerase chain reaction testing.