A Diagnosis of Denial: How Mental Health Classification Systems Have Struggled to Recognise Family Violence as a Serious Risk Factor in the Development of Mental Health Issues for Infants, Children, Adolescents and Adults.

Child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) routinely overlook assessing for, and providing treatment to, infants and children living with family violence, despite family violence being declared endemic across the globe. As contemporary neuro-developmental research recognises the harm of being exposed to early relational trauma, key international diagnostic texts such as the DSM-5 and ICD-10 struggle to acknowledge or appreciate the relational complexities inherent in addressing family violence and its impacts during childhood. These key texts directly influence thinking, funding and research imperatives in adult services as well as CAMHS, however, they rarely reference family violence.

Long-term alteration of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in children undergoing cardiac surgery in the first 6 months of life.

Children with congenital heart disease (CHD) have poorer neurodevelopmental and psychological outcomes. The mechanisms underlying this remain unclear. One mechanism could be that the stressful experience of cardiac surgery early in life influences long-term hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulation.

Relationship between Social-Emotional and Neurodevelopment of 2-Year-Old Children with Congenital Heart Disease.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to describe social-emotional outcomes and the relationship with neurodevelopmental outcomes in a cohort of 2-year-old children who underwent surgery for congenital heart disease (CHD) in infancy, and explore the relationship between the outcomes and parental and surgical factors.

Design: A two-center prospective cross-sectional cohort study.

Patients: A cohort of 105 2-year-olds who underwent surgery in infancy for severe CHD MEASURES: Social-emotional and neurodevelopment was evaluated with the Infant and Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment tool (ITSEA), and the Bayley Scales of Infant Toddler Development, Third Edition.

Early mother-infant relationships after cardiac surgery in infancy.

Objective: The critical importance of a secure mother-infant attachment relationship for long-term physical and mental health of the child is well established. Our study aim was to explore mothers' subjective experience of the mother-infant relationship after discharge from hospital following neonatal cardiac surgery.

Design: Participants were 97 infants who underwent cardiac surgery before the age of 3 months and their mothers.

Trauma reactions in mothers and fathers after their infant's cardiac surgery.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and nature of trauma symptoms in mothers and fathers of infants who had cardiac surgery.

Method: Parents of infants who underwent cardiac surgery before 3 months of age were recruited at the time of surgery. 77 mothers and 55 fathers completed the Acute Stress Disorder Scale 1 month after their infant was discharged from hospital.

Infant cardiac surgery and the father-infant relationship: feelings of strength, strain, and caution.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the father-infant relationship in infants with congenital heart disease (CHD).

Method: Sixty-three fathers whose infants had cardiac surgery before 3 months of age reported on their attachment relationship with their infant within two months of hospital discharge using both qualitative and quantitative methods.

Results: Mean scores on the Paternal Postnatal Attachment Scale and scores for patience and tolerance were not different from previously published community norms, ps>.