Targeting the blood-brain barrier disruption in hypertension by ALK5/TGF-Β type I receptor inhibitor SB-431542 and dynamin inhibitor dynasore.

Introduction: In this study, we aimed to target two molecules, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and dynamin to explore their roles in blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption in hypertension.

Methods: For this purpose, angiotensin (ANG) II-induced hypertensive mice were treated with SB-431542, an inhibitor of the ALK5/TGF-β type I receptor, and dynasore, an inhibitor of dynamin. Albumin-Alexa fluor 594 was used to assess BBB permeability.

Blood-brain barrier targeted delivery of lacosamide-conjugated gold nanoparticles: Improving outcomes in absence seizures.

Objective: Most currently available antiepileptics are not fully effective in the prevention of seizures in absence epilepsy owing to the presence of blood-brain barrier (BBB). We aimed to test whether binding an antiepileptic drug, lacosamide (LCM), to glucose-coated gold nanoparticles (GNPs) enables efficient brain drug delivery to suppress the epileptic activity in WAG/Rij rats with absence epilepsy.

Methods: In these animals, intracranial-EEG recording, behavioral test, in vivo imaging of LCM and LCM-GNP conjugate distribution in the brain, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis, immunofluorescence staining of glucose transporter (Glut)- 1, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and p-glycoprotein (P-gp) and electron microscopy were performed.

Enhanced neprilysin-mediated degradation of hippocampal Aβ42 with a somatostatin peptide that enters the brain.

Aggregation of the amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide is one of the main neuropathological events in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neprilysin is the major enzyme degrading Aβ, with its activity enhanced by the neuropeptide somatostatin (SST). SST levels are decreased in the brains of AD patients.

Targeted delivery of lacosamide-conjugated gold nanoparticles into the brain in temporal lobe epilepsy in rats.

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of epilepsy with focal seizures, and currently available drugs may fail to provide a thorough treatment of the patients. The present study demonstrates the utility of glucose-coated gold nanoparticles (GNPs) as selective carriers of an antiepileptic drug, lacosamide (LCM), in developing a strategy to cross the blood-brain barrier to overcome drug resistance. Intravenous administration of LCM-loaded GNPs to epileptic animals yielded significantly higher nanoparticle levels in the hippocampus compared to the nanoparticle administration to intact animals.

The effects of CLP-induced sepsis on proliferation and apoptosis of granulosa and theca cells in rat ovary: A histochemical and ultrastructural study.

Sepsis is defined as a systemic inflammatory response to infection. This study is aimed to evaluate the effects of experimental sepsis on the proliferation and apoptosis of granulosa and theca cells in the rat ovary. 28-day-old immature Wistar-Albino female rats were treated with pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin to develop the first generation of preovulatory follicles.

Effects of methyl-beta-cyclodextrin on blood-brain barrier permeability in angiotensin II-induced hypertensive rats.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability primarily increases in cerebral venules during acute hypertension. Methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD), a cholesterol-depleting agent, decreases the expression of caveolins disrupting caveolar structures. We aimed to determine the effects of MβCD on the BBB permeability of angiotensin (ANG) II-induced hypertensive rats.

The Effects of Lipopolysaccharide on the Disrupted Blood-Brain Barrier in a Rat Model of Preeclampsia.

Background: Preeclampsia is a disorder characterized by high blood pressure and often proteinuria during pregnancy. It is known that a subseptic dose of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces production of proinflammatory cytokines, and possibly increasing the risk for developing preeclampsia. We investigated the effects of LPS on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity in pregnant rats with N(omega)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) induced preeclampsia.

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for five days increases blood-brain barrier permeability.

This study aimed to explore the effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO₂) on blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity in rats, when administered for one (at 2.5 ATA, 3 HBO₂ sessions a day) and five days (at 2.5 ATA, 3 HBO₂ sessions a day for the first two days, and twice a day for the last three days).

Changes in electroencephalographic characteristics and blood-brain barrier permeability in WAG/Rij rats with cortical dysplasia.

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of cortical dysplasia (CD) on electrophysiology and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability in WAG/Rij rats with genetic absence epilepsy.

Methods: Pregnant WAG/Rij rats were exposed to 145cGy of gamma-irradiation on embryonic day 17 to induce CD. An electroencephalogram was recorded from cortices subdurally in the offspring of the pregnant animals.

Localization and mobility of glucose-coated gold nanoparticles within the brain.

Aim: To identify the localization of glucose-coated gold nanoparticles within cells of the brain after intravascular infusion which may point to the mechanism by which they cross the blood-brain barrier.

Materials & Methods: Tissue distribution of the nanoparticles was measured by inductively-coupled-mass spectrometry and localization within the brain by histochemistry and electron microscopy.

Results & Conclusion: Nanoparticles were identified within neurons and glial cells more than 10 μm from the nearest microvessel within 10 min of intracarotid infusion.

Effects of beta-hydroxybutyrate on brain vascular permeability in rats with traumatic brain injury.

This study investigates the effect of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) on blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity during traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats. Evans blue (EB) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were used as determinants of BBB permeability. Glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were estimated in the right (injury side) cerebral cortex of animals.

Effects of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy on behavior deficits and functions in sepsis model.

Background: We aim to demonstrate behavioral alterations in a sepsis model using intravenous (IV) immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulins enriched with IgA and IgM (IgGAM).

Methods: We divided 48 Wistar albino rats into five groups: control group, sham-operated group (only antibiotic treatment), cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) group (CLP plus antibiotic treatment), IgG group (250 mg/kg IV IgG) and IgGAM group (250 mg/kg IV IgGAM). Intravenous immunoglobulins were given 5 min after the CLP procedure.

The effects of superoxide dismutase mimetic MnTMPyP on the altered blood-brain barrier integrity in experimental preeclampsia with or without seizures in rats.

We investigated the effects of a cell-permeable superoxide dismutase mimetic, manganese(III) tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin (MnTMPyP) on blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity following pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures in experimental preeclampsia symptoms induced by N(omega)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) in pregnant rats. To show the functional and morphological alterations in BBB integrity, quantitative analysis of sodium fluorescein (NaFlu) extravasation, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopic assessment of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) permeability were performed. Varying degrees of proteinuria were seen and arterial blood pressure increased in l-NAME-treated pregnant rats (p<0.

The effects of hyperbaric air and hyperbaric oxygen on blood-brain barrier integrity in rats.

Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment yields conflicting results on blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity under various pathological conditions and the effects of HBO on healthy brain is poorly understood. In this experimental study, the effects of HBO on BBB integrity were investigated in comparison with hyperbaric air (HBA) in intact rats. Four sessions of HBA or HBO were applied to intact rats in 24h.

Vagus nerve stimulation inhibits seizure activity and protects blood-brain barrier integrity in kindled rats with cortical dysplasia.

Aims: This study investigates the effects of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) on seizure severity and blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity in kindled rats with cortical dysplasia (CD).

Main Methods: Pregnant rats were exposed to 145 cGy of gamma-irradiation on day 17 of pregnancy. In offsprings, kindling was induced by giving subconvulsive doses of pentylenetetrazole.

Topiramate reduces blood-brain barrier disruption and inhibits seizure activity in hyperthermia-induced seizures in rats with cortical dysplasia.

We investigated the effects of topiramate (TPM), a novel broad spectrum anticonvulsant, on seizure severity, survival rate and blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity during hyperthermic seizures in rats with cortical dysplasia (CD). Offsprings of irradiated mothers were used in this study. To show the functional and morphological alterations in BBB integrity, quantitative analysis of Evans blue (EB) extravasation, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopic assessment of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) permeability were performed.