Urine and serum glycosaminoglycan levels in the diagnosis of urological diseases and conditions: A narrative review of the literature.

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are sulfated, negatively charged polysaccharides produced in almost every cell of the human body. As GAGs are extracellularly localized, the changes in body fluids such as blood and urine may reflect pathological changes in the urinary system as observed in other pathologies. In this review, we determined the potential of urinary and/or serum GAG levels as a marker for kidney and urothelial system diseases.

Single-port hysterectomy: robotic versus laparoscopic.

This study evaluated the feasibility and safety of robotic single port hysterectomy and laparoscopic single port hysterectomy, and to compare the perioperative parameters of the two systems. Twenty patients underwent robotic single port hysterectomy and 25 patients underwent laparoscopic single port hysterectomy. All hysterectomies were successfully performed via a single port and there were no conversions to conventional multi-port laparoscopy, multi-port robotic, open surgery, or vaginal surgery.

The robotic metroplasty in a patient with hybrid septate variant anomaly.

Complete uterovaginal septum is unusually associated with an obstructed left hemivagina and hemiuteri. Herein we present a case report of "hybrid septate variant" anomaly diagnosed in a 16-year-old girl. The uterine septum could not be completely removed hysteroscopically because of the obstructed vagina and thick uterine septum; therefore an abdominal approach, robotic metroplastic surgery was performed.

The interval robotic transabdominal cerclage in a morbidly obese patient.

The most commonly used prophylactic treatment of cervical insufficiency is cerclage but it carries significant morbidity either through vaginal or abdominal approach. A robotic-assisted transabdominal cerclage (RoboTAC) placement as an interval procedure could offer advantages over the conventional laparoscopic approach especially in morbidly obese patients. We report the use of interval RoboTAC procedure in a morbidly obese patient and ultimately she delivered a healthy infant at 38 weeks 2 days nonetheless removal of the cerclage.

Ovarian cystectomy for a dermoid cyst with the new single-port robotic system.

We report a 27 year-old patient with a dermoid cyst who underwent robotic single port transumbilical ovarian cystectomy. She was operated through a 2 cm long single midline umbilical incision using a new platform from Intuitive Surgical. The operative time was 45 minutes and the docking time was 15 minutes.