Hepatic hydrothorax: current concepts of pathophysiology and treatment options.

Pleural effusions develop in 6-10% of patients with end-stage liver disease. Although, commonly seen in conjunction with ascites, isolated hepatic hydrothorax can occur in a small number of patients with cirrhosis. Refractory hepatic hydrothorax particularly poses a challenging therapeutic dilemma as treatment options are limited at best in these patients.

Intermittent obstruction of jejunostomy tube due to Ascaris lumbricoides infection.

A 45-year-old Costa Rican woman was seen for a jejunostomy tube malfunction. There was no evidence of tube malposition or intestinal obstruction. During endoscopy, a long worm was retrieved from the distal duodenum; it was later confirmed to be Ascaris lumbricoides.