The effect of heterospecific and conspecific competition on inter-individual differences in tungara frog tadpole () behavior.

Repeated social interactions with conspecifics and/or heterospecifics during early development may drive the differentiation of behavior among individuals. Competition is a major form of social interaction and its impacts can depend on whether interactions occur between conspecifics or heterospecifics and the directionality of a response could be specific to the ecological context that they are measured in. To test this, we reared tungara frog tadpoles () either in isolation, with a conspecific tadpole or with an aggressive heterospecific tadpole, the whistling frog tadpole ().