Regulating light-duty vehicle emissions: an overview of US, EU, China and Brazil programs and its effect on air quality.

Unlabelled: This paper reviews the progress and effectiveness of Programs to Control Vehicle Emissions (PCVEs), comparing the experiences in the United States (US), European Union (EU), China, and Brazil. We present a timeline comparison of updates and differences in standards for light-duty vehicle (LDV) compliance. We then review the benefits of controlling LDV emissions on air quality, derived from previous relevant studies.

Effect of anhydrous ethanol/gasoline blends on performance and exhaust emissions of spark-ignited non-road engines.

Ethanol is a renewable fuel and it is considered an alternative to gasoline in Otto-cycle engines. The present study evaluated the behavior of exhaustion gas carbon monoxide (CO) and total hydrocarbons (THC) according to the levels of anhydrous ethyl alcohol (AEA) added to gasoline in different proportions (E0, E10, E20, E27, that is, pure gasoline and its blends with AEA at 10, 20, and 27% v/v) in the use of non-road single cylinder engines of different powers (13 and 6.5 hp), to the loads applied to engine-generators and the air-fuel ratio (A/F) admitted to the engine cylinders.

Effects of air/fuel ratio on gas emissions in a small spark-ignited non-road engine operating with different gasoline/ethanol blends.

This study investigates the effects of several blends of gasoline and anhydrous ethanol on exhaust emission concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), total hydrocarbons (HCs), and nitrogen oxides (NO) from a small spark-ignited non-road engine (SSINRE). Tests were carried out for different air/fuel equivalence ratios as measured by lambda (λ). A 196 cm single-cylinder four-stroke engine-generator operating at a constant load of 2.