"They talked to me like I was dirt under their feet:" Treatment and withdrawal experiences of incarcerated pregnant people with opioid use disorder in four U.S. states.

Background: Many pregnant individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) spend time in jail, yet access to standard of care medications for OUD (MOUD) in jail is limited. Though qualitative studies of non-incarcerated pregnant and non-pregnant incarcerated individuals with OUD demonstrate complexities that must be considered in delivering effective care, studies with pregnant, incarcerated patients with OUD are lacking.

Methods: We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews from October 2020-November 2021 with pregnant and postpartum people with OUD who were currently or previously in jail in Florida, Maryland, Ohio, and Virginia.

Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the experiences of incarcerated pregnant people.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately impacted incarcerated populations, yet few studies have investigated the specific effects on incarcerated pregnant people. This study compares pregnant people's experiences of pregnancy and parenting in prison before and during the pandemic in order to explore the impacts of COVID-19 on this population.

Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews with pregnant people at a state prison as part of a larger study on pregnant people's experiences during incarceration.

"Because I Was a Criminal and Drug Addict.": Experiences of Anti-Black Gendered Racism and Reproductive Injustice Among Black Pregnant and Postpartum Women with a Substance Use Disorder and Incarceration and Family Policing Histories.

Racism pervades the US criminal legal and family policing systems, particularly impacting cases involving women with a history of a substance use disorder (SUD). Laws criminalizing SUD during pregnancy disproportionately harm Black women, as do family policing policies around family separation. Discrimination within intersecting systems may deter Black pregnant women with a SUD from seeking evidence-based pregnancy and substance use care.

Allocating health care resources in jails and prisons during COVID-19: a qualitative study of carceral decision-makers.

COVID-19 created acute demands on health resources in jails and prisons, burdening health care providers and straining capacity. However, little is known about how carceral decision-makers balanced the allocation of scarce resources to optimize access to and quality of care for incarcerated individuals. This study analyzes a national sample of semi-structured interviews with health care and custody officials ( = 32) with decision-making authority in 1 or more carceral facilities during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Mental health, chronic and infectious conditions among pregnant persons in US state prisons and local jails 2016-2017.

Background: Pregnant individuals in incarcerated settings have unique healthcare needs. Rates of mental health, infectious diseases, and chronic disease are higher among nonpregnant incarcerated women compared with those who are not, but the prevalence of these conditions among pregnant people in custody has not been documented.

Objectives: The objective of this study is to describe the prevalence of metabolic, infectious, and mental health conditions in pregnant people to identify the medical needs of high-risk pregnancies in US state prisons and local jails.

State Laws on Substance Use Treatment for Incarcerated Pregnant and Postpartum People.

Background: Incarcerated perinatal populations report high rates of substance use in the United States (US). Despite this, substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is not routinely available in carceral settings and state policies related to the provision of substance use screening and treatment are unknown.

Methods: We conducted a systematic search in WestLaw through the end of the 2020 legislative session combining the terms "pregnant" and "postpartum" with terms for incarceration and related terms.

Release, Reentry, and Reintegration During COVID-19: Perspectives of Individuals Recently Released from the Federal Bureau of Prisons.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic had a large negative impact on people in U.S. prisons.

"I mean, I didn't really have a choice of anything:" How incarceration influences abortion decision-making and precludes access in the United States.

Objective: To understand how the punitive, rights-limiting, and racially stratified environment of incarceration in the United States (US) shapes the abortion desires, access, and pregnancy experiences of pregnant women, transgender men, and gender non-binary individuals.

Methods: From May 2018-November 2020, we conducted semi-structured, qualitative interviews with pregnant women in prisons and jails in an abortion supportive and an abortion restrictive state. Interviews explored whether participants considered abortion for this pregnancy; attempted to obtain an abortion in custody; whether and how incarceration affected their thoughts about pregnancy, birth, parenting, and abortion; and options counseling and prenatal care experiences, or lack thereof, in custody.

COVID-19 Restrictions In Jails And Prisons: Perspectives From Carceral Leaders.

COVID-19 has been an unprecedented challenge in carceral facilities. As COVID-19 outbreaks spread in the US in early 2020, many jails, prisons, juvenile detention centers, and other carceral facilities undertook infection control measures such as increased quarantine and reduced outside visitation. However, the implementation of these decisions varied widely across facilities and jurisdictions.

Assessing provision of MOUD and obstetric care in U.S. jails: A content analysis of policies submitted by 59 jails.

Aims And Background: Thousands of pregnant people with opioid use disorder (OUD) interface with the United States (US) carceral system annually. However, little is known about the consistency and breadth of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) for incarcerated pregnant people in jail, even at facilities that offer treatment; the goal of our study is to illuminate the current practices for OUD management in US jails.

Methods: We collected and analyzed 59 self-submitted jail policies related to OUD and/or pregnancy from a national, cross-sectional survey of reported MOUD practices for pregnant people in a geographically diverse sample of US jails.

COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy and uptake: Perspectives from people released from the Federal Bureau of Prisons.

People in United States (US) prisons and jails have been disproportionately impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. This is due to challenges containing outbreaks in facilities and the high rates of health conditions that increase the risk of adverse outcomes. Vaccination is one strategy to disrupt COVID-19 transmission, but there are many factors impeding vaccination while in custody.

Shackling and pregnancy care policies in US prisons and jails.

Objectives: The number of incarcerated women in the United States has risen exponentially. Many are of childbearing age with 3-4% being pregnant at intake. Despite the need for comprehensive pregnancy-related health care in prisons and jails, there is no oversight that requires adherence to the established standards.

COVID-19's Effect on Pregnancy Care for Incarcerated People.

Objective/background: Prisons and jails are high risk environments for COVID-19. Little is known about COVID-19's impact on pregnancy care for the tens of thousands of pregnant people who pass through these institutions each year. This study aimed to describe how COVID-19 has influenced prisons' and jails' pregnancy care services.

Availability of Medications for the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder Among Pregnant and Postpartum Individuals in US Jails.

Importance: Thousands of pregnant people with opioid use disorder (OUD) enter US jails annually, yet their access to medications for OUD (MOUD) that meet the standard of care (methadone and/or buprenorphine) is unknown.

Objective: To assess the availability of MOUD for the treatment of pregnant individuals with OUD in US jails.

Design, Setting, And Participants: In this cross-sectional study, electronic and paper surveys were sent to all 2885 identifiable US jails verified in the National Jails Compendium between August 19 and November 7, 2019.

Access to treatment for pregnant incarcerated people with opioid use disorder: Perspectives from community opioid treatment providers.

Background And Aims: Many jail facilities provide limited access to medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) for pregnant people with opioid use disorder (OUD), despite it being the standard of care. We aim to explore the perspectives of opioid treatment providers (OTPs) on access to MOUD for pregnant people while incarcerated and postincarceration.

Methods: We conducted 16 semistructured phone interviews with providers and administrators representing 16 unique OTPs in various U.

The Compendium of U.S. jails: creating and conducting research with the first comprehensive contact database of U.S. jails.

Background: Millions of people pass through U.S. jails annually.

Featured counter-trafficking program: Project intersect.

This invited article is one of several comprising part of a special issue of Child Abuse and Neglect focused on child trafficking and health. The purpose of each invited article is to describe a specific program serving trafficked children. Featuring these programs is intended to raise awareness of innovative counter-trafficking strategies emerging worldwide and facilitate collaboration on program development and outcomes research.