Growth in Newborn Circumcisions Performed by Pediatric Urologists and Advanced Practice Providers Between 2010 and 2021 in the United States.

Objective: To characterize changes in the proportion of newborn circumcisions performed by pediatric urologists and advanced practiced providers (APPs) in the United States over the last decade.

Methods: The Merative MarketScan Commercial Database was queried for newborn circumcision private health insurance claims (Common Procedural Terminology 54150) between 2010 and 2021. Setting (inpatient/outpatient), US Census Bureau region, clinician specialty, and patient age (days) were determined for the full study time period, and by study year.

Enhanced cell adhesion and alignment on micro-wavy patterned surfaces.

Various micropatterns have been fabricated and used to regulate cell adhesion, morphology and function. Micropatterns created by standard photolithography process are usually rectangular channels with sharp corners (microgrooves) which provide limited control over cells and are not favorable for cell-cell interaction and communication. This paper proposes a new micropattern with smooth wavy surfaces (micro-waves) to control the position and orientation of cells.