Pharmacotherapeutic candidates for myopia: A review.

This review provides insights into the mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of myopia and potential targets for clinical intervention. Although the etiology of myopia involves both environmental and genetic factors, recent evidence has suggested that the prevalence and severity of myopia appears to be affected more by environmental factors. Current pharmacotherapeutics are aimed at inhibiting environmentally induced changes in visual input and subsequent changes in signaling pathways during myopia pathogenesis and progression.

The Impact of ExoS on Internalization by Epithelial Cells Is Independent of and Correlates with Bistability of Type Three Secretion System Gene Expression.

is internalized into multiple types of epithelial cell and and yet is often regarded as an exclusively extracellular pathogen. Paradoxically, ExoS, a type three secretion system (T3SS) effector, has antiphagocytic activities but is required for intracellular survival of and its occupation of bleb niches in epithelial cells. Here, we addressed mechanisms for this dichotomy using invasive (ExoS-expressing) and corresponding effector-null isogenic T3SS mutants, effector-null mutants of cytotoxic with and without ExoS transformation, antibiotic exclusion assays, and imaging using a T3SS-GFP reporter.