Trends in Cancer Incidence in Different Antiretroviral Treatment-Eras amongst People with HIV.

Despite cancer being a leading comorbidity amongst individuals with HIV, there are limited data assessing cancer trends across different antiretroviral therapy (ART)-eras. We calculated age-standardised cancer incidence rates (IRs) from 2006-2021 in two international cohort collaborations (D:A:D and RESPOND). Poisson regression was used to assess temporal trends, adjusted for potential confounders.

Cardiovascular risks associated with protease inhibitors for the treatment of HIV.

: Cumulative use of some first-generation protease inhibitors has been associated with higher rates of dyslipidemia and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The protease inhibitors most commonly in use are atazanavir and darunavir, which have fewer detrimental lipid effects and greater tolerability. This paper aims to review the evidence of a potential association of these contemporary protease inhibitors with the risk of ischemic CVD and atherosclerotic markers.

Cost-effectiveness of statins for primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease among people living with HIV in the United States.

Background: Expanding statin use may help to alleviate the excess burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in people living with HIV (PLHIV). Pravastatin and pitavastatin are preferred agents due to their lack of substantial interaction with antiretroviral therapy. We aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of pravastatin and pitavastatin for the primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease among PLHIV in the United States.

Risk for Non-AIDS-Defining and AIDS-Defining Cancer of Early Versus Delayed Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy : A Multinational Prospective Cohort Study.

Background: Immediate initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) regardless of CD4 cell count reduces risk for AIDS and non-AIDS-related events in asymptomatic, HIV-positive persons and is the standard of care. However, most HIV-positive persons initiate ART when their CD4 count decreases below 500 × 10 cells/L. Consequences of delayed ART on risk for non-AIDS-defining and AIDS-defining cancer, one of the most common reasons for death in HIV, are unclear.

Effect of Changes in Body Mass Index on the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes Mellitus in HIV-Positive Individuals: Results From the D:A:D Study.

Background: Weight gain is common among people with HIV once antiretroviral treatment is commenced. We assess the effect of changes in body mass index (BMI), from different baseline BMI levels, on the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes mellitus (DM).

Methods: D:A:D participants receiving antiretroviral treatment were followed from their first BMI measurement to the first of either CVD or DM event, or earliest of January 2, 2016 or 6 months after last follow-up.

Predictors of Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Strokes Among People Living With HIV: The D:A:D International Prospective Multicohort Study.

Background: Hypertension is a stronger predictor of hemorrhagic than ischemic strokes in the general population. We aimed to identify whether hypertension or other risk factors, including HIV-related factors, differ in their associations with stroke subtypes in people living with HIV (PLWHIV).

Methods: HIV-1-positive individuals from the Data collection on Adverse events of anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) study were followed from the time of first blood pressure (BP) measurement after 1/1/1999 or study entry until the first of a validated stroke, 6 months after last follow-up or 1/2/2014.

Serious clinical events in HIV-positive persons with chronic kidney disease.

Objectives: Predictors of chronic kidney disease (CKD) amongst HIV-positive persons are well established, but insights into the prognosis after CKD including the role of modifiable risk factors are limited.

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Methods: D:A:D participants developing CKD (confirmed, >3 months apart, eGFR ≤ 60 ml/min per 1.

Role of pre-stroke immunity in ischemic stroke mechanism among patients with HIV.

Individuals with HIV are at a higher risk of stroke compared to uninfected populations. The role of HIV-related immunosuppression in stroke mechanism is uncertain. Our aim is to test the hypothesis that stroke mechanisms among HIV+ individuals vary according to preceding CD4 counts.

Cessation of Cigarette Smoking and the Impact on Cancer Incidence in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected Persons: The Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs Study.

Background: Cancers are a major source of morbidity and mortality for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons, but the clinical benefits of smoking cessation are unknown.

Methods: Participants were followed from 1 January 2004 until first cancer diagnosis, death, or 1 February 2016. Smoking status was defined as ex-smoker, current smoker, and never smoker.

Associations between serum albumin and serious non-AIDS events among people living with HIV.

Objective: Lower serum albumin (sAlb) has been associated with an increased risk of mortality and AIDS among people living with HIV and may be associated with the development of serious non-AIDS events (SNAEs). We evaluated the long-term association between sAlb and the risk of SNAEs.

Design: Prospective multinational cohort study.

Cardiovascular disease and use of contemporary protease inhibitors: the D:A:D international prospective multicohort study.

Background: Although earlier protease inhibitors have been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, whether this increased risk also applies to more contemporary protease inhibitors is unknown. We aimed to assess whether cumulative use of ritonavir-boosted atazanavir and ritonavir-boosted darunavir were associated with increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in people living with HIV.

Methods: The prospective Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) study consists of people living with HIV-1 from 11 cohorts in Australia, Europe, and the USA.

Gender differences in the use of cardiovascular interventions in HIV-positive persons; the D:A:D Study.

Introduction: There is paucity of data related to potential gender differences in the use of interventions to prevent and treat cardiovascular disease (CVD) among HIV-positive individuals. We investigated whether such differences exist in the observational D:A:D cohort study.

Methods: Participants were followed from study enrolment until the earliest of death, six months after last visit or February 1, 2015.

Differences in Virological and Immunological Risk Factors for Non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin Lymphoma.

Background: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) are increased in populations with immune dysfunction, including people living with HIV; however, there is little evidence for to what degree immunological and virological factors differently affect NHL and HL risk.

Methods: Data from the Data Collection on Adverse events of Anti-HIV Drugs Study cohort were analyzed to identify independent risk factors for NHL and HL using hazard ratios (HRs), focusing on current and cumulative area under the curve (AUC) measures of immunological and virological status. Variables with different associations with NHL and HL were identified using marginal Cox models.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) event rates in HIV-positive persons at high predicted CVD and CKD risk: A prospective analysis of the D:A:D observational study.

Background: The Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) study has developed predictive risk scores for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD, defined as confirmed estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] ≤ 60 ml/min/1.73 m2) events in HIV-positive people. We hypothesized that participants in D:A:D at high (>5%) predicted risk for both CVD and CKD would be at even greater risk for CVD and CKD events.

Abacavir use and risk of recurrent myocardial infarction.

Objective: To investigate the association between abacavir (ABC) use and recurrent myocardial infarction (MI) among HIV-positive people with a prior MI.

Design: International multicohort collaboration with follow-up from 1999 to 2016.

Methods: The rate of recurrent MI was described among D:A:D participants who experienced an index MI whilst in the study, and who remained under follow-up beyond 28 days after this MI.

Are we successfully managing cardiovascular disease in people living with HIV?

Purpose Of Review: The aim of this study was to discuss the most recent research in the management of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in people living with HIV (PLWHIV) with a focus on screening, primary and secondary prevention.

Recent Findings: The cause of CVD in PLWHIV is complex and multifactorial and creates a demand for a multifaceted approach to screening and prevention. Current screening and management of CVD risk factors in PLWHIV is suboptimal, reasons for this are not clear and the data are still scarce both in the primary and secondary preventive setting.

Renal Impairment and Cardiovascular Disease in HIV-Positive Individuals: The D:A:D Study.

Background: While the association between renal impairment and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is well established in the general population, the association remains poorly understood in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals.

Methods: Individuals with ≥2 estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) measurements after 1 February 2004 were followed until CVD, death, last visit plus 6 months, or 1 February 2015. CVD was defined as the occurrence of centrally validated myocardial infarction, stroke, invasive cardiovascular procedures, or sudden cardiac death.

Improvements over time in short-term mortality following myocardial infarction in HIV-positive individuals.

Objective: Few studies have described mortality and clinical outcomes after myocardial infarction (MI) in the HIV-positive population. This study evaluated changes in short-term mortality after MI in HIV-positive individuals in the D:A:D Study, and investigated possible reasons for any changes seen.

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Gender differences in HIV-positive persons in use of cardiovascular disease-related interventions: D:A:D study.

Introduction: There is a lack of data on potential gender differences in the use of interventions to prevent and treat cardiovascular disease (CVD) in HIV-positive individuals. We investigated whether such differences exist in the D:A:D study.

Materials And Methods: Follow-up was from 01/02/99 until the earliest of death, 6 months after last visit or 01/02/13.

A review of paediatric tuberculosis in Denmark: 10-year trend, 2000-2009.

Paediatric tuberculosis (TB) is a key indicator for recent transmission and presents a reservoir for the disease. We describe trends in epidemiology, microbiological characteristics and treatment outcome in Denmark between 2000 and 2009. Data were retrieved from the national TB surveillance system and the International Reference Laboratory of Mycobacteriology.