Long-term relationships between perceived social support and posttraumatic stress after the 2011 Oslo bombing: A three-year longitudinal study.

Background: After traumatic events, social support and posttraumatic stress are interrelated, but little is known about the underlying dynamics behind this association. Levels of social support and posttraumatic stress may change and affect each other over time, but there are also stable time-invariant individual differences in both constructs. The present study aimed to determine the amount of variance explained by stable individual differences in levels of social support and posttraumatic stress across three years, and to determine whether and to what extent social support and posttraumatic stress may affect one another when these stable individual differences are controlled for.

Effort-Reward Imbalance and Post-Traumatic Stress After a Workplace Terror Attack.

Objective: Following adverse work conditions, health consequences can be explained by an imbalance between the effort made and the reward received. We investigated the association between extra effort, perceived reward, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The Effort-Reward Imbalance Model was used to examine whether extra effort at work in the aftermath of a workplace-related terrorist attack affected the risk of PTSD and the effects of reward for extra effort from a leader or colleagues.

The Norwegian version of the PTSD Checklist (PCL): construct validity in a community sample of 2004 tsunami survivors.

Background: The PTSD Checklist (PCL) is a widely used self-administered measure of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and it has been validated in a variety of languages and cultures.

Aim: Evaluate the diagnostic validity of the Norwegian version of a specific PCL (PCL-S) for detecting PTSD in epidemiological research.

Methods: Participants were severely exposed Norwegian survivors from the 2004 South-East Asian tsunami.