A Subregion of Insular Cortex Is Required for Rapid Taste-Visceral Integration and Consequent Conditioned Taste Aversion and Avoidance Expression in Rats.

Postingestive signals are important for shaping appetitive and consummatory responses, but the brain mechanisms required to assimilate interoceptive events with those at the frontlines of ingestion (taste-guided) are poorly understood. Here, we investigated whether an insular cortex (IC) region, which receives viscerosensory input, including gustatory, is required to modify taste-elicited consummatory reactions in response to a real-time interoceptive change using a serial taste reactivity (TR) test where the rats' oromotor and somatic reactions to intraoral (IO) infusions of sucrose were periodically assessed over 45 min following lithium chloride (LiCl) administration. Results showed that neurally-intact rats shifted from an ingestive repertoire to an aversive one as LiCl took effect.

Translation and linguistic validation of the Female Genitourinary Pain Index in Spanish.

Introduction And Hypothesis: We sought to develop a Spanish translation of the Female Genitourinary Pain Index (GUPI) and to validate this instrument in US Latina women.

Methods: Translation back-translation was performed to create the initial Spanish version. Bilingual women with pelvic and/or genitourinary pain were recruited from clinical sites and social media.