Effect of spatial and temporal cues on athletic pacing in schoolchildren.

Purpose: To compare pacing and performance of schoolchildren between running tasks where the end point was defined in units of either distance or time.

Methods: Thirty-eight schoolchildren (age = 12.6 ± 0.

Optic flow influences perceived exertion during cycling.

Optic flow on the retina creates a perception of a person's movement relative to their surroundings. This study investigated the effect of optic flow on perceived exertion during cycling. Fifteen participants completed a 20-km reference cycling time trail in the fastest possible time followed by three randomly counterbalanced 20-km cycling trials.

Pacing strategy in schoolchildren differs with age and cognitive development.

Purpose: The study's purpose was to examine differences in pacing strategy between schoolchildren of different age, gender, and stage of cognitive development.

Methods: Schoolchildren (n = 106) from four age groups (5-6, 8-9, 11-12, and 14 yr) participated in this study. Each schoolchild completed four conservation tasks to evaluate his or her Piagetian stage of cognitive development.

Cognition and performance: anxiety, mood and perceived exertion among Ironman triathletes.

Objective: The authors examined the changing patterns of mood before and after an Ironman triathlon, and the relationships between expected performance outcomes, perception of effort and pacing.

Design: Twelve participants in the 2008 Ironman Austria triathlon competition were studied before, during and after the event. Each participant completed measures of mood, anxiety and perceived exertion, while pacing was calculated from official race timings at various points on the course.