Adherence to ready-to-use food and acceptability of outpatient nutritional therapy in HIV-infected undernourished Senegalese adolescents: research-based recommendations for routine care.

Background: Ready-to-use food (RUF) is increasingly used for nutritional therapy in HIV-infected individuals. However, practical guidance advising nutrition care to HIV-infected adolescents is lacking, so that little is known about the acceptability of such therapy in this vulnerable population. This study assesses the overall acceptability and perception of a RUF-based therapy and risk factors associated with sub-optimal RUF intake in HIV-infected undernourished adolescents in Senegal.

Impact of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy on Chronic Hepatitis B Serological Markers among Senegalese HIV Co-infected Children.

Background: Coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes complex interactions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence and HBV evolution among HIV coinfected children receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 252 HIV infected children enrolled in the Hôpital d'enfants Albert Royer, Dakar, Senegal, from April 2013 to March 2015.

Improving the informed consent process among HIV-infected undisclosed minors participating in a biomedical research: insights from the multicentre nutritional SNACS study in Senegal.

Objectives: Providing research information in a manner accessible to minors participating in biomedical research is a major challenge. Guidance is dramatically lacking regarding best practices for seeking informed consent among undisclosed minors enrolled in HIV-related research. We implemented an improved informed consent process (IICP) and identified factors associated with understanding of the information presented to HIV-infected minors prior to their enrolment in a study.

Low prevalence of lipodystrophy in HIV-infected Senegalese children on long-term antiretroviral treatment: the ANRS 12279 MAGGSEN Pediatric Cohort Study.

Background: The long-term benefits of antiretroviral treatment (ART) are associated with metabolic complications, especially lipodystrophy, which has been well described among HIV-infected adults and children on ART in developed settings. Specifically, stavudine, and to a lesser extent zidovudine and protease inhibitors (PI), have been consistently implicated in the development of lipodystrophy. In 2006, following advice from the WHO, Senegal began phasing out stavudine from first-line ART.

Risk Factors for Growth Retardation in HIV-infected Senegalese Children on Antiretroviral Treatment: The ANRS 12279 MAGGSEN Pediatric Cohort Study.

Objectives: To describe prevalence and risk factors for wasting and stunting among HIV-infected children with a median duration of 3 years of antiretroviral therapy (ART) at the time of their enrollment in the cohort study.

Methods: Wasting and stunting at ART initiation and enrollment were defined as weight-for-height/body mass index-for-age Z scores < -2 and height-for-age Z scores < -2, respectively. Logistic regression was used to assess risk factors for wasting and stunting.

Formula-Feeding of HIV-Exposed Uninfected African Children Is Associated with Faster Growth in Length during the First 6 Months of Life in the Kesho Bora Study.

Early feeding patterns may affect the growth of HIV-exposed children and thus their subsequent health and cognition. We assessed the association of infant feeding (IF) mode with length-for-age score (LAZ) and stunting from age 2 d to 18 mo in HIV-exposed African children within a controlled randomized trial, which evaluated triple antiretrovirals initiated during pregnancy and continued for 6 mo postpartum to prevent HIV transmission. HIV-infected pregnant women with CD4 counts of 200-500 cells/mm from Burkina Faso, Kenya, and South Africa were advised to exclusively breastfeed for up to 6 mo or to formula-feed from birth.

Acceptability of Outpatient Ready-To-Use Food-Based Protocols in HIV-Infected Senegalese Children and Adolescents Within the MAGGSEN Cohort Study.

Objectives: To assess the acceptability of ready-to-use food (RUF)-based outpatient protocols in HIV-infected children and adolescents with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) and moderate acute malnutrition (MAM).

Methods: Plumpy Nut and Plumpy Sup were supplied every 2 weeks and prescribed by weight to SAM and MAM children, respectively. Forty-three children, 24 MAM and 19 SAM, were enrolled.

Early infant feeding patterns and HIV-free survival: findings from the Kesho-Bora trial (Burkina Faso, Kenya, South Africa).

Objective: To investigate the association between feeding patterns and HIV-free survival in children born to HIV-infected mothers and to clarify whether antiretroviral (ARV) prophylaxis modifies the association.

Methods: From June 2005 to August 2008, HIV-infected pregnant women were counseled regarding infant feeding options, and randomly assigned to triple-ARV prophylaxis (triple ARV) until breastfeeding cessation (BFC) before age 6 months or antenatal zidovudine with single-dose nevirapine (short-course ARV). Eighteen-month HIV-free survival of infants HIV-negative at 2 weeks of age was assessed by feeding patterns (replacement feeding from birth, BFC <3 months, BFC ≥3 months).

Morbidity in relation to feeding mode in African HIV-exposed, uninfected infants during the first 6 mo of life: the Kesho Bora study.

Background: Refraining from breastfeeding to prevent HIV transmission has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality in HIV-exposed African infants.

Objective: The objective was to assess risks of common and serious infectious morbidity by feeding mode in HIV-exposed, uninfected infants ≤6 mo of age with special attention to the issue of reverse causality.

Design: HIV-infected pregnant women from 5 sites in Burkina Faso, Kenya, and South Africa were enrolled in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission Kesho Bora trial and counseled to either breastfeed exclusively and cease by 6 mo postpartum or formula feed exclusively.

[Hospital care for a child living with HIV in Dakar. What is the cost for the family?].

In sub-Saharan Africa, hospitalization is one of the main gateway for testing and care of children living with the HIV. The aim of this study is to estimate the direct costs of the hospitalization of children living with the HIV in Dakar (Senegal). The various expenses were collected daily with the medical file and by interview from the accompanying persons in 30 children.

Immune response to Bordetella pertussis is associated with season and undernutrition in Senegalese children.

Background: While vaccines elicit a protective response in most recipients, studies suggest that environmental and nutritional factors can influence the strength of the individual response to immunization and to subsequent natural infectious challenges.

Methods: We conducted a longitudinal survey in Senegal to assess the individual response to B. pertussis, a respiratory disease against which Senegalese children are vaccinated before the age of one (Clinicaltrials.

Effects of malnutrition on children's immunity to bacterial antigens in Northern Senegal.

To evaluate immunity to vaccine-preventable diseases according to nutritional status, a longitudinal study was conducted in Senegalese children ages 1-9 years old. A linear regression analysis predicted that weight for age was positively associated with immunoglobulin G (IgG) response to tetanus toxoid in children born during the rainy season or at the beginning of the dry season. A relationship between village, time of visits, and levels of antibodies to tetanus showed that environmental factors played a role in modulating humoral immunity to tetanus vaccine over time.

Postpartum weight change among HIV-infected mothers by antiretroviral prophylaxis and infant feeding modality in a research setting.

Objective: To assess the relationship between infant feeding, triple-antiretroviral prophylaxis and weight from 2 weeks (baseline) to 6 months postpartum among HIV-infected mothers in a mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV-prevention trial in five sub-Saharan African sites.

Methods: HIV-infected pregnant women with CD4 cell counts of 200-500 cells/μl were counselled to choose breastfeeding to 6 months or replacement feeding from delivery. They were randomized to receive perinatal zidovudine and single-dose nevirapine or triple-antiretroviral MTCT prophylaxis until breastfeeding cessation.

Relationship between mortality and feeding modality among children born to HIV-infected mothers in a research setting: the Kesho Bora study.

Objective: To assess the relationship between infant feeding practices and mortality by 18 months of age among children born to HIV-infected mothers in the Kesho Bora trial (Burkina-Faso, Kenya and South Africa).

Methods: Enrolled HIV-infected women were counseled to choose between breastfeeding up to 6 months or replacement feeding from delivery. Multivariable Cox models were used to compare the infant mortality risks according to feeding practices over time defined as never breastfed, weaned or still breastfed.

Infant feeding modes and determinants among HIV-1-infected African Women in the Kesho Bora Study.

Objective: To assess breastfeeding modes and determinants in a prevention of mother-to-child transmission study.

Design: HIV-1-infected pregnant women from 5 sites in Burkina Faso, Kenya, and South Africa were enrolled in the study that comprised 2 prospective cohorts and 1 randomized controlled trial. Women were counseled to either breastfeed exclusively up to 6 months or formula feed from birth.

A summary index of feeding practices is positively associated with height-for-age, but only marginally with linear growth, in rural Senegalese infants and toddlers.

Several studies have shown an association between an infant and young child feeding index (ICFI) and height-for-age Z-score (HAZ) in Latin America and Africa. A previous study was unable to reproduce these findings in 500 rural Senegalese 12-42-mo-old children. The relationship of ICFI, dietary diversity index (DDI), food variety index (FVI), meal frequency index (MFI), and breastfeeding (BF) to HAZ and growth in height/length over 6 mo was studied in 1060 6-36-mo-old Senegalese children during 2 visits.

Reduced quantitative ultrasound bone mineral density in HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy in Senegal.

Background: Bone status in HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral treatment (ART) is poorly documented in resource-limited settings. We compared bone mineral density between HIV-infected patients and control subjects from Dakar, Senegal.

Methods: A total of 207 (134 women and 73 men) HIV-infected patients from an observational cohort in Dakar (ANRS 1215) and 207 age- and sex-matched controls from the general population were enrolled.

Nonbreast-fed HIV-1-exposed Burkinabe infants have low energy intake between 6 and 11 months of age despite free access to infant food aid.

In a WHO-coordinated, mother-to-child HIV transmission (MTCT) prevention trial in Burkina Faso, HIV-1-infected mothers were advised to either stop breast-feeding by 6 mo or totally avoid it. Participants were provided with cereal-based, infant fortified mix (IFM) from 6 to 12 mo postpartum along with infant feeding counseling. Our objective was to describe nonbreast-fed infants' food consumption and adequacy of nutrient intake.

Anthropometric characteristics and cardiometabolic risk factors in a sample of urban-dwelling adults in Senegal.

Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between anthropometric characteristics and cardiometabolic risk factors in urban-dwelling adults in Senegal to evaluate future threats to the public health in terms of chronic diseases.

Methods: Age- and gender-matched control subjects for a study on the prevalence of lipodystrophy in HIV+ patients were selected between June and September 2006 from the general population through systematic home visits guided by area of residence of cases. After consenting to participate, these subjects underwent anthropometric, clinical and biological examinations in their homes.

Acceptability and feasibility of infant-feeding options: experiences of HIV-infected mothers in the World Health Organization Kesho Bora mother-to-child transmission prevention (PMTCT) trial in Burkina Faso.

In Burkina Faso, prolonged breastfeeding with introduction of ritual fluids from birth is a deep-seated norm. We explored HIV-infected mothers' views and experiences of the acceptability and feasibility of the World Health Organization's recommended infant-feeding options within a mother-to-child-transmission prevention trial. A qualitative study was conducted on 17 formula-feeding and 19 breastfeeding mothers, from a larger cohort of 51 eligible HIV-infected women, consenting to participate in separate focus group discussions in early post-partum.

A sustainable food support for non-breastfed infants: implementation and acceptability within a WHO mother-to-child HIV transmission prevention trial in Burkina Faso.

Objective: To provide HIV-positive mothers who opted for exclusive breastfeeding or formula feeding from birth to 6 months postpartum as a means of prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV with a sustainable infant food support programme (FSP) from 6 to 12 months postpartum. We describe the implementation and assessment of this pilot initiative.

Design: The FSP included a 6-month provision of locally produced infant fortified mix (IFM; 418 kJ/100 g of gruel) for non-breastfed infants coupled with infant-feeding and psychosocial counselling and support.

Active malaria morbidity management has limited impact on height status of preschool Senegalese children.

Although infections contribute to growth faltering in preschool children, malaria prevention seems to have limited impact on height status. In 2002-2003, a malaria intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) trial was conducted in Senegal, including randomly selected preschool children from 11 villages. A rapid decrease in stunting prevalence (from 28.

Amodiaquine dosage and tolerability for intermittent preventive treatment to prevent malaria in children.

Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine with amodiaquine (SP-AQ) is a highly efficacious regimen for intermittent preventive treatment to prevent malaria in children (IPTc), but the amodiaquine component is not always well tolerated. We determined the association between amodiaquine dosage by body weight and mild adverse events (AEs) and investigated whether alternative age-based regimens could improve dosing accuracy and tolerability, using data from two trials of IPTc in Senegal, one in which AQ dose was determined by age and the other in which it was determined by weight category. Both dosage strategies resulted in some children receiving AQ doses above the recommended therapeutic range.

Randomized trial of piperaquine with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine or dihydroartemisinin for malaria intermittent preventive treatment in children.

Background: The long terminal half life of piperaquine makes it suitable for intermittent preventive treatment for malaria but no studies of its use for prevention have been done in Africa. We did a cluster randomized trial to determine whether piperaquine in combination with either dihydroartemisin (DHA) or sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) is as effective, and better tolerated, than SP plus amodiaquine (AQ), when used for intermittent preventive treatment in children delivered by community health workers in a rural area of Senegal.

Methods: Treatments were delivered to children 3-59 months of age in their homes once per month during the transmission season by community health workers.

Lipodystrophy and metabolic disorders in HIV-1-infected adults on 4- to 9-year antiretroviral therapy in Senegal: a case-control study.

Objective: To assess adverse effects of long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), that is, lipodystrophy and metabolic disorders, in a cohort of African patients.

Methods: One hundred eighty HIV-1-infected patients treated with HAART for 4-9 years in Dakar and 180 age-matched and sex-matched controls were enrolled. Regional subcutaneous fat changes were assessed by physicians, and fasting blood samples were drawn.