Correction: Metformin inhibits the proliferation of benign prostatic epithelial cells.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

The Effects of Social and Demographic Factors on High-Volume Hospital and Surgeon Care in Shoulder Arthroplasty.

Introduction: This study seeks to evaluate (1) the relationship between hospital and surgeon volumes of shoulder arthroplasty and complication rates and (2) patient demographics/socioeconomic factors that may affect access to high-volume shoulder arthroplasty care.

Methods: Adults older than 40 years who underwent shoulder arthroplasty between 2011 and 2015 were identified in the New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System database using International Classification of Disease 9/10 and Current Procedural Terminology codes. Medical/surgical complications were compared across surgeon and facility volumes.

Inelastic Mach-Zehnder Interferometry with Free Electrons.

We use a novel scanning electron Mach-Zehnder interferometer constructed in a conventional transmission electron microscope to perform inelastic interferometric imaging with free electrons. An electron wave function is prepared in two paths that pass on opposite sides of a gold nanoparticle, where plasmons are excited before the paths are recombined to produce electron interference. We show that the measured spectra are consistent with theoretical predictions, specifically that the interference signal formed by inelastically scattered electrons is π out of phase with respect to that formed by elastically scattered electrons.

Interaction-Free Measurement with Electrons.

Here, we experimentally demonstrate interaction-free measurements with electrons using a novel electron Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The flexible two-grating electron interferometer is constructed in a conventional transmission electron microscope and achieves high contrast in discrete output detectors, tunable alignment with independently movable beam splitters, and scanning capabilities for imaging. With this path-separated electron interferometer, which closely matches theoretical expectations, we demonstrate electron interaction-free measurements with an efficiency of 14±1%.

Exact design of complex amplitude holograms for producing arbitrary scalar fields.

Typical methods to holographically encode arbitrary wavefronts assume the hologram medium only applies either phase shifts or amplitude attenuation to the wavefront. In many cases, phase cannot be introduced to the wavefront without also affecting the amplitude. Here we show how to encode an arbitrary wavefront into an off-axis transmission hologram that returns the exact desired arbitrary wavefunction in a diffracted beam for phase-only, amplitude-only, or mixed phase and amplitude holograms with any periodic groove profile.

Improved control of electron computer-generated holographic grating groove profiles using ion beam gas-assisted etching.

In a transmission electron microscope, electrons are described by matter-waves with wavelengths five orders of magnitude smaller than optical electromagnetic waves. Analogous to optical holography, electron wavefronts can be shaped using nanoscale holographic gratings. Here we demonstrate a novel, scalable nanofabrication method for creating off-axis holographic gratings that demonstrate near ideal diffraction efficiencies for binary, sinusoidal, and blazed grating groove profiles.

Metformin inhibits the proliferation of benign prostatic epithelial cells.

Objective: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common proliferative abnormality of the prostate affecting elderly men throughout the world. Epidemiologic studies have shown that diabetes significantly increases the risk of developing BPH, although whether anti-diabetic medications preventing the development of BPH remains to be defined. We have previously found that stromally expressed insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) promotes benign prostatic epithelial cell proliferation through paracrine mechanisms.