Effects of co-incubation of LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages on leptin production by 3T3-L1 adipocytes: a method for co-incubating distinct adipose tissue cell lines.

Background: Adipose tissue is a major endocrine organ capable of releasing inflammatory adipokines that are linked to changes occurring in the overfed state, where tissue remodeling results in hypertrophic adipocytes that recruit monocytes to infiltrate the tissue and take on an inflammatory phenotype. Increases in macrophage-specific inflammatory mediator levels contribute to the inflamed state and worsen the inflammatory loop between the macrophages and adipocytes. Although most inflammatory adipokines are released by macrophages, adipocytes can also release immunomodulatory adipokines, such as leptin.

Esterification of essential and non-essential fatty acids into distinct lipid classes in ruminant and non-ruminant tissues.

Extensive microbial biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the rumen reduces the essential fatty acids (EFA) available for absorption in ruminant animals, but there is no published documentation of ruminants developing EFA deficiency. In ruminants, most circulating PUFA are found in the phospholipid (PL) and cholesteryl ester lipid classes that have slow turn-over compared to other lipid classes. The objective of this experiment was to measure fatty acid esterification patterns of the non-EFA palmitic (16:0) and oleic acid (18:1), and the EFA linoleic (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3) in small intestine, liver, and muscle tissue of cows and pigs to identify tissues participating in sequestration of these FA in less metabolically active lipid classes in ruminants.

Performance, metabolic, and endocrine responses of periparturient Holstein cows fed 3 sources of fat.

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of feeding diets containing fat supplements enriched in either saturated fatty acids (n = 10), Ca salts of trans-octadecenoic fatty acids (tFA, n = 10) or Ca salts of safflower oil fatty acids (SFL, high in linoleic acid, n = 9) on performance, metabolic, and endocrine responses of periparturient Holstein cows. Dietary treatments were initiated at approximately 28 d before calculated calving dates and continued through 49 d postpartum. Blood samples for metabolite and hormone analyses were collected weekly beginning 1 wk before estimated calving date through 7 wk postpartum.

Plasma prostaglandin and cytokine concentrations in periparturient Holstein cows fed diets enriched in saturated or trans fatty acids.

After parturition, immune functions such as lymphocyte response to mitogens and production of antibodies are depressed in dairy cows. Dietary regimens that improve the immune function of dairy cows after calving may improve uterine health and lead to earlier breeding after parturition. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of feeding a calcium salt of trans isomers of fatty acids (tFA) to periparturient Holstein cows on plasma biomarkers of inflammation.

Conjugated linoleic acid reduces phorbol ester-induced prostaglandin F2alpha production by bovine endometrial cells.

Recent interest in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) research stems from the well-documented anticarcinogenic, antiatherogenic, antidiabetic, and antiobesity properties of CLA in animal models. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of 2 CLA isomers (cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12) on phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu)-induced PGF2alpha production in cultured bovine endometrial (BEND) cells. Confluent BEND cells were incubated in the absence (control) or presence of 100 microM each of linoleic acid, cis-9,trans-11 CLA, or trans-10,cis-12 CLA for 24 h.

Differential effects of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids on prostaglandin F2alpha production by bovine endometrial cells.

Recent studies have implicated n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the reduction of eicosanoid production in the bovine uterus. The objective of this study was to determine whether the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; C(20:5), n-3) on PGF2alpha production by bovine endometrial (BEND) cells is influenced by the quantity of linoleic acid (C(18:2), n-6) in the incubation medium. Confluent BEND cells were incubated in the absence (control) or presence of 100 microM of EPA for 24 h.