This narrative reviews the history and evolution of surgical training in Southwest Michigan, particularly Kalamazoo, over the past 100 years. During this time, the de novo growth of medical treatment and the gradual and progressive establishment of medical and surgical training, paralleled with innovation, have shaped the clinical practices in Southwest Michigan. The surgical expertise that exists in Kalamazoo has made it one of the most important headquarters for surgical innovation, not only in the United States, but in the world.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Resident operative autonomy (ROA) is critical and a shared responsibility of both faculty and residents during training. We hypothesize that there is a perception of gender bias in residents' performance as evaluated by faculty and residents.
Method: Over a period of five academic years, between July 2014 and June 2019, ROA was evaluated using the Zwisch score.