PiERF1 regulates cold tolerance in Plumbago indica L. through ethylene signalling.

Ethylene is a signalling factor that plays a key role in the response of plants to abiotic stresses, such as cold stress. Recent studies have shown that the exogenous application of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC), an ethylene promoter, affects plant cold tolerance. The cold-responsive specific gene DREB plays a crucial role in enhancing cold tolerance in plants by activating several cold-responsive (COR) genes.

The rapid appearance of homostyly in a cultivated distylous population of .

Evolutionary breakdown from rigorous outbreeding to self-fertilization frequently occurs in angiosperms. Since the pollinators are not necessary, self-compatible populations often reduce investment in floral display characteristics and pollination reward. is a biennial herb with distribution restricted to southwest China; it was initially a self-incompatible distylous species, but after 20 years of artificial domestication, homostyly appeared.