Detoxification of phenanthrene in Arabidopsis thaliana involves a Dioxygenase For Auxin Oxidation 1 (AtDAO1).

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination has a negative impact on ecosystems. PAHs are a large group of toxins with two or more benzene rings that are persistent in the environment. Some PAHs can be cytotoxic, teratogenic, and/or carcinogenic.

57% decline in Rhode Island invasive breast cancer mortality between 1987 and 2017: mammography predominates in preventing mortality.

Background: Controversy exists regarding proportional contributions of mammographic screening versus systemic therapy to declining disease-specific mortality of female invasive breast cancer (IBC) in the United States. Understanding relative contributions may help address allocation of medical resources.

Methods: A 31-year (1987-2017) review of Rhode Island (RI) Cancer Registry data of female IBC was carried out in a state with high rates of mammographic screening.

Disseminated cryptococcosis in an immunocompetent patient.

Cryptococcosis is a fungal infection which is commonly associated with immune-compromised state. Disseminated infection in immunocompetent individuals is extremely rare. We present a case of a 56-year-old African American patient who presented with unilateral knee pain and swelling and was subsequently diagnosed with cryptococcal bone mass with dissemination of infection.

Disseminated MRSA infection with purulent pericarditis.

The risk of developing pericarditis secondary to Methicillin-Resistant (MRSA) infection in the absence of preceding surgical procedure is extremely low. We present a case report of a 36-year-old woman who developed disseminated MRSA infection leading to purulent pericarditis.

Detoxification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Arabidopsis thaliana involves a putative flavonol synthase.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental contaminants with cytotoxic, teratogenic and carcinogenic properties. Bioremediation studies with bacteria have led to the identification of dioxygenases (DOXs) in the first step to degrade these recalcitrant compounds. In this study, we characterized the role of the Arabidopsis thaliana AT5G05600, a putative DOX of the flavonol synthase family, in the transformation of PAHs.

The 20-year effort to reduce access to mammography screening: historical facts dispute a commentary in Cancer.

Mammography screening fulfills all requirements for an effective screening test. It detects many cancers earlier when they are at a smaller size and earlier stage, and it has been demonstrated that this reduces breast cancer deaths in randomized controlled trials. When screening is introduced into the population, the death rate from breast cancer declines.

A failure analysis of invasive breast cancer: most deaths from disease occur in women not regularly screened.

Background: Mortality reduction from mammographic screening is controversial. Individual randomized trials and meta-analyses demonstrate statistically significant mortality reductions in all age groups invited to screening. In women actually screened, mortality reductions are greater.

Improving size, lymph node metastatic rate, breast conservation, and mortality of invasive breast cancer in Rhode Island women, a well-screened population.

The beneficial impact of screening mammography on breast cancer outcome continues to be debated as demonstrated by guidelines published by the United States Preventive Services Task Force. A previous report from Rhode Island, which has a very high rate of mammographic screening, demonstrated significant improvements in invasive breast cancer presentation and mortality through 2001. This report updates data through 2008 to determine whether previous favorable trends continued.

Adjuvant therapy in stage I carcinoma of the breast: the influence of multigene analyses and molecular phenotyping.

A consensus conference was held in order to provide guidelines for the use of adjuvant therapy in patients with Stage I carcinoma of the breast, using traditional information, such as tumor size, microscopic character, Nottingham index, patient age and co-morbidities, but also incorporating steroid hormone and Her-2-neu data as well as other immunohistochemical markers. The role of the genetic analysis of breast cancer and proprietary gene prognostic signatures was discussed, along with the molecular profiling of breast cancers into several groups that may predict prognosis. These molecular data are not currently sufficiently mature to make them part of decision making algorithms of recommendations for the treatment of individual patients.

The connectivity of lymphogenous and hematogenous tumor cell dissemination: biological insights and clinical implications.

Although tumor cells are found in the blood early after tumorigenesis, dissemination through the lymphatic system and in particular the formation of lymph node metastases has long been considered to be a driving force behind the formation of secondary tumors in distant vital organs. Contemporary experimental observations and clinical trial results suggest that this may not be the case. In this review we survey the evidence for both points of view, and examine the hypothesis that the prognostic relevance of lymph node metastases may lie in their ability to indicate that primary tumors are producing soluble factors that have the potential to promote metastasis at these distant sites, for example by releasing tumor cells from dormancy.

Unique patterns of metastases in common and rare types of malignancy.

This review on the unique patterns of metastases by common and rare types of cancer addresses regional lymphatic metastases but also demonstrates general principles by consideration of vital organ metastases. These general features of successfully treated metastases are relationships to basic biological behavior as illustrated by disease-free interval, organ-specific behavior, oligo-metastatic presentation, genetic control of the metastatic pattern, careful selection of patients for surgical resection, and the necessity of complete resection of the few patients eligible for long-term survival after resection of vital organ metastasis. Lymph node metastases, while illustrating these general features, are not related to overall survival because lymph node metastases themselves do not destroy a vital organ function, and therefore have no causal relationship to overall survival.

Impact of axillary lymph node dissection on breast cancer outcome in clinically node negative patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: The regional lymph node control and survival impact of axillary dissection in breast cancer has been the subject of multiple randomized trials, with various results. This study reviews and conducts a meta-analysis of contemporary trials of axillary dissection in patients with early stage breast cancer.

Methods: A systematic MEDLINE review identified 3 randomized trials published between January 2000 and January 2007 of axillary dissection versus no dissection in clinically lymph node negative early stage breast cancer patients.

Proceedings of the international consensus conference on breast cancer risk, genetics, & risk management, April, 2007.

A consensus conference including thirty experts was held in April, 2007, to discuss risk factors for breast cancer and their management. Four categories of risk were outlined, from breast cancer "average" through "very high" risk, the latter including individuals with high penetrance BRCA1/2 gene mutations. Guidelines for management of patients in each of these categories were discussed, with the major portion of the conference being devoted to individuals with BRCA1/2 mutations.

Matched pair analyses of stage IV breast cancer with or without resection of primary breast site.

Background: Reports demonstrate improved survival of stage IV breast cancer patients with primary cancer resection. This may result from selection for surgery, rather than biological processes.

Methods: We performed matched-pair analysis that minimized potential bias in selecting surgery for primary cancer.

Treatment variation by insurance status for breast cancer patients.

Few studies have examined the relationship of insurance status with the presentation and treatment of breast cancer. Using a state cancer registry, we compared tumor presentation and surgical treatments at presentation by insurance status (private insurance, Medicare, Medicaid, or uninsured). Student's t-test, Chi-square test, and ANOVA were used for comparison.

Axillary lymph nodes: US-guided fine-needle aspiration for initial staging of breast cancer--correlation with primary tumor size.

Purpose: To retrospectively assess the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonographic (US)-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of axillary lymph nodes for preoperative staging of breast cancer across a range of primary tumor sizes, by using histologic findings as a reference standard.

Materials And Methods: Institutional review board approval was obtained for this HIPAA-compliant study; informed consent was waived. US-guided FNA results in 74 patients with breast cancer (75 axillae) were compared with final pathologic results.

Regional lymph node metastases, a singular manifestation of the process of clinical metastases in cancer: contemporary animal research and clinical reports suggest unifying concepts.

The multistep complex metastatic cascade in cancer has been extensively studied in recent years. In addition, the concept of metastatic organ specificity has been elaborated. Histological studies in clinical situations have become far more sophisticated, enabling the frequent discovery of minor collections of cells in bone marrow and lymph nodes.

Predicting the risk of local recurrence in patients with breast cancer: an approach to a new computer-based predictive tool.

Objective: To develop a new web-based tool, designated IBTR!, which integrates prognostic factors for local recurrence (LR) into a model to predict the 10-year risk of LR after breast conserving surgery (BCS) with or without radiation therapy (RT) with the goal of assisting with patient counseling and medical decision-making.

Methods: All available randomized trials of BCS alone versus BCS plus RT, meta-analyses, and institutional reports were reviewed to identify the principal prognostic factors for LR after breast-conserving therapy. Patient age, margin status, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), tumor size, tumor grade, use of chemotherapy, and use of hormonal therapy were found to consistently and significantly impact LR across multiple studies.