Evaluating ChatGPT's competency in radiation oncology: A comprehensive assessment across clinical scenarios.

Purpose: Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning present an opportunity to enhance clinical decision-making in radiation oncology. This study aims to evaluate the competency of ChatGPT, an AI language model, in interpreting clinical scenarios and assessing its oncology knowledge.

Methods And Materials: A series of clinical cases were designed covering 12 disease sites.

A prospective cohort study on stereotactic radiotherapy in the management of dural recurrence of olfactory neuroblastoma.

Background: Treatment for dural recurrence of olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) is not standardized. We assess the outcomes of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) in this population.

Methods: ONB patients with dural recurrences treated between 2013 and 2022 on a prospective registry were included.

Aryl amino acetamides prevent Plasmodium falciparum ring development via targeting the lipid-transfer protein PfSTART1.

With resistance to most antimalarials increasing, it is imperative that new drugs are developed. We previously identified an aryl acetamide compound, MMV006833 (M-833), that inhibited the ring-stage development of newly invaded merozoites. Here, we select parasites resistant to M-833 and identify mutations in the START lipid transfer protein (PF3D7_0104200, PfSTART1).

Sulfonylpiperazine compounds prevent Plasmodium falciparum invasion of red blood cells through interference with actin-1/profilin dynamics.

With emerging resistance to frontline treatments, it is vital that new antimalarial drugs are identified to target Plasmodium falciparum. We have recently described a compound, MMV020291, as a specific inhibitor of red blood cell (RBC) invasion, and have generated analogues with improved potency. Here, we generated resistance to MMV020291 and performed whole genome sequencing of 3 MMV020291-resistant populations.

Targeting malaria parasites with novel derivatives of azithromycin.

Introduction: The spread of artemisinin resistant parasites is of global concern and highlights the need to identify new antimalarials for future treatments. Azithromycin, a macrolide antibiotic used clinically against malaria, kills parasites two mechanisms: 'delayed death' by inhibiting the bacterium-like ribosomes of the apicoplast, and 'quick-killing' that kills rapidly across the entire blood stage development.

Methods: Here, 22 azithromycin analogues were explored for delayed death and quick-killing activities against (the most virulent human malaria) and (a monkey parasite that frequently infects humans).

Roles of the apicoplast across the life cycles of rodent and human malaria parasites.

Malaria parasites are diheteroxenous, requiring two hosts-a vertebrate and a mosquito-to complete their life cycle. Mosquitoes are the definitive host where malaria parasite sex occurs, and vertebrates are the intermediate host, supporting asexual amplification and more significant geographic spread. In this review, we examine the roles of a single malaria parasite compartment, the relict plastid known as the apicoplast, at each life cycle stage.

Histone deacetylase inhibitor AR-42 and achiral analogues kill malaria parasites in vitro and in mice.

Malaria is caused by infection with Plasmodium parasites and results in significant health and economic impacts. Malaria eradication is hampered by parasite resistance to current drugs and the lack of a widely effective vaccine. Compounds that target epigenetic regulatory proteins, such as histone deacetylases (HDACs), may lead to new therapeutic agents with a different mechanism of action, thereby avoiding resistance mechanisms to current antimalarial drugs.

Optimisation of 2-(N-phenyl carboxamide) triazolopyrimidine antimalarials with moderate to slow acting erythrocytic stage activity.

Malaria is a devastating parasitic disease caused by parasites from the genus Plasmodium. Therapeutic resistance has been reported against all clinically available antimalarials, threatening our ability to control the disease and therefore there is an ongoing need for the development of novel antimalarials. Towards this goal, we identified the 2-(N-phenyl carboxamide) triazolopyrimidine class from a high throughput screen of the Janssen Jumpstarter library against the asexual stages of the P.

Remote Contouring and Virtual Review during the COVID-19 Pandemic (RECOVR-COVID19): Results of a Quality Improvement Initiative for Virtual Resident Training in Radiation Oncology.

The need to minimize in-person interactions during the COVID-19 pandemic has led to fewer clinical learning opportunities for trainees. With ongoing utilization of virtual platforms for resident education, efforts to maximize their value are essential. Herein we describe a resident-led quality improvement initiative to optimize remote contouring and virtual contour review.

A Framework for Assuring the Safety, Training, Evaluation, and Wellness of Radiation Oncology Residents During the COVID-19 Pandemic (ASTEROiD-COVID19).

As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to disrupt nearly all facets of daily life, residency programs must ensure the safety and wellness of their residents while maintaining a commitment to their training and advancement. In addition to standard clinical training, radiation oncology residency programs integrate highly specialized elements specific to the delivery of radiation therapy. Few publications have addressed the significant effects of the pandemic on medical training and even fewer have addressed concerns specific to radiation oncology.

The red alga Tsunamia transpacifica (Stylonematophyceae) from plastic drift shows adaptation to its uncommon habitat in ultrastructure and soluble low molecular weight carbohydrate composition.

The recently described red alga Tsunamia transpacifica (Stylonematophyceae) was previously isolated from plastic drift found at the pacific coast, but the natural habitat remains unknown. Here, we investigate ultrastructural details and the low molecular weight soluble carbohydrate composition to get further insight into the adaptation to this uncommon habitat. By means of high pressure freeze fixation, followed by freeze substitution, we could detect an up to 2-µm-thick cell wall surrounded by a distinct layer of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), likely responsible for the adhering capacities of Tsunamia.

3D image-guided interstitial brachytherapy for primary vaginal cancer: A multi-institutional experience.

Purpose/objectives: High dose rate (HDR) interstitial brachytherapy (ISBT) boost is integral for definitive radiation treatment of primary vaginal cancer. Technological advances with CT or MRI guidance provide improved precision and ability to treat more extensively invasive tumors over historical techniques, but reported experience is limited. We sought to provide updated outcome and toxicity data for women with primary vaginal cancer undergoing treatment with a modern ISBT technique.

Retargeting azithromycin analogues to have dual-modality antimalarial activity.

Background: Resistance to front-line antimalarials (artemisinin combination therapies) is spreading, and development of new drug treatment strategies to rapidly kill Plasmodium spp. malaria parasites is urgently needed. Azithromycin is a clinically used macrolide antibiotic proposed as a partner drug for combination therapy in malaria, which has also been tested as monotherapy.

Evaluation of a 3-Dimensional-Printed Head Simulation Technique for Teaching Flexible Nasopharyngoscopy to Radiation Oncology Residents.

Purpose: Simulation-based medical education is an effective tool for medical teaching, but simulation-based medical education deployment in radiation oncology (RO) is limited. Flexible nasopharyngoscopy (FNP), an essential skill for RO residents, requires practice that typically occurs on volunteer patients, introducing the potential for stress and discomfort. We sought to develop a high-fidelity simulator and intervention that provides RO residents the opportunity to develop FNP skills in a low-pressure environment.

A single point mutation in the FtsH1 metalloprotease confers actinonin resistance.

The antibiotic actinonin kills malaria parasites () by interfering with apicoplast function. Early evidence suggested that actinonin inhibited prokaryote-like post-translational modification in the apicoplast; mimicking its activity against bacteria. However, Amberg Johnson et al.

Dosimetric Evaluation of PSMA PET-Delineated Dominant Intraprostatic Lesion Simultaneous Infield Boosts.

Purpose: Prostate cancer is multifocal. However, there often exists a single dominant focus in the gland responsible for driving the biology of the disease. Dose escalation to the dominant lesion is a proposed strategy to increase tumor control.

A Primer on Interstitial Lung Disease and Thoracic Radiation.

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a term used to describe a heterogeneous group of lung disorders with characteristic clinical and imaging features. Patients with ILD are at an increased risk of developing NSCLC, which is frequently medically comorbid, often precluding operative management. In this scenario, radiotherapy (RT) is generally recommended; however, ILD is known to increase the risk of RT-related toxicity.

Alternative splicing is required for stage differentiation in malaria parasites.

Background: In multicellular organisms, alternative splicing is central to tissue differentiation and identity. Unicellular protists lack multicellular tissue but differentiate into variable cell types during their life cycles. The role of alternative splicing in transitions between cell types and establishing cellular identity is currently unknown in any unicellular organism.

Anti-plasmodial Effects of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides.

, syn. , is a tree growing in West Africa and is used in traditional medicine against a variety of diseases, including malaria. In the work reported here, root bark and stem bark extracts of this tree, as well as compounds isolated from the extracts, have been investigated for activity against chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of .

Bed Nets, Insecticides, and Antimalarials: Where to Next?

Insecticide-impregnated bed nets have saved millions from fatal malaria, but their effectiveness is waning due to mosquito insecticide resistance. A new strategy (Paton et al., Nature, 2019) to deliver parasiticidal compounds into mosquitoes to kill transmission-stage parasites could enhance the effectiveness of bed nets and get around the perennial problems of resistance.

Stereotactic Ablative Radiation Therapy Versus Surgery in Early Lung Cancer: A Meta-analysis of Propensity Score Studies.

Purpose: As no completed randomized trials of surgery versus stereotactic ablative radiation therapy (SABR) in patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer are available, numerous propensity score studies have attempted to mimic the setting of clinical trials using nonrandomized data. We performed a meta-analysis of propensity score studies comparing SABR and surgery.

Methods And Materials: The MEDLINE and Embase databases were queried up to December 2016.