Modulating medial septal cholinergic activity reduces medial entorhinal theta frequency without affecting speed or grid coding.

Medial septal inputs to the hippocampal system are crucial for aspects of temporal and spatial processing, such as theta oscillations and grid cell firing. However, the precise contributions of the medial septum's cholinergic neurones to these functions remain unknown. Here, we recorded neuronal firing and local field potentials from the medial entorhinal cortex of freely foraging mice, while modulating the excitability of medial septal cholinergic neurones.

Task Demands Predict a Dynamic Switch in the Content of Awake Hippocampal Replay.

Reactivation of hippocampal place cell sequences during behavioral immobility and rest has been linked with both memory consolidation and navigational planning. Yet it remains to be investigated whether these functions are temporally segregated, occurring during different behavioral states. During a self-paced spatial task, awake hippocampal replay occurring either immediately before movement toward a reward location or just after arrival at a reward location preferentially involved cells consistent with the current trajectory.

Coordinated grid and place cell replay during rest.

Hippocampal replay has been hypothesized to underlie memory consolidation and navigational planning, yet the involvement of grid cells in replay is unknown. During replay we found grid cells to be spatially coherent with place cells, encoding locations 11 ms delayed relative to the hippocampus, with directionally modulated grid cells and forward replay exhibiting the greatest coherence with the CA1 area of the hippocampus. This suggests grid cells are engaged during the consolidation of spatial memories to the neocortex.

Distorted Grids as a Spatial Label and Metric.

Grid cells have been proposed to encode both the self-location of an animal and the relative position of locations within an environment. We reassess the validity of these roles in light of recent evidence demonstrating grid patterns to be less temporally and spatially stable than previously thought.

Grid cells form a global representation of connected environments.

The firing patterns of grid cells in medial entorhinal cortex (mEC) and associated brain areas form triangular arrays that tessellate the environment [1, 2] and maintain constant spatial offsets to each other between environments [3, 4]. These cells are thought to provide an efficient metric for navigation in large-scale space [5-8]. However, an accurate and universal metric requires grid cell firing patterns to uniformly cover the space to be navigated, in contrast to recent demonstrations that environmental features such as boundaries can distort [9-11] and fragment [12] grid patterns.

Evolution of the Behavioral Sciences Branch of the Space Medicine and Health Care Systems Office at the Johnson Space Center.

This paper presents a brief history of psychology and psychiatry roles in psychological selection and how these roles have evolved into the Behavioral Sciences Branch at the Johnson Space Center USC), Houston, TX. Since the initial selection of the Mercury Seven, the first United States astronauts, psychologists and psychiatrists have been involved in astronaut selection activities. Initially very involved in psychological selection of astronauts, the role of behavioral health specialists waned during the Gemini and Apollo years.

Cases from the aerospace medicine residents' teaching file. Case H56. Pilot incapacitation of psychiatric etiology (PIPE).

A case is presented which involves a fighter pilot with anxiety disorder and in-flight panic attacks. The initial presentation, clinical course, evaluation, and aeromedical disposition are all discussed.

Cases from the aerospace medicine residents' teaching file. Case #42. An aviator with concentration deficit, Lyme disease organic diagnostic evaluation, and a somatoform disorder.

An aviator with concentration deficit, Lyme disease organic diagnostic evaluation, and a somatoform disorder. The clinical presentation, evaluation and diagnosis of an aviator being evaluated for vague cognitive deficits of episodic and long duration with a history of rigid ideation concerning Lyme disease. The patient was diagnosed as having an atypical somatoform disorder.

Conduction blockade in myelinated fibers by gaseous and volatile substances.

The minimum ambient partial pressure required to reversibly disrupt conducted responses in myelinated nerve fibers (Pblock) was determined for 11 gases and chloroform. For all but one substance, Pblock was inversely proportional to their nonaqueous solubility; large-diameter fibers were less vulnerable than fibers of small diameter. No "anesthetic" effect was displayed by SF6.

Peanut lectin: a histochemical marker for phaeochromocytomas.

Fifty-five neuroendocrine tumours and 6 adrenocortical tumours were examined immunohistochemically for the expression of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), chromogranin and synaptophysin. The results were compared with the staining patterns obtained with peanut lectin (PNA) using a streptavidin-biotin staining technique. In separate experiments, sections were preincubated with neuraminidase for the demonstration of masked PNA binding sites.

Atropine-resistant transmission in partially depolarized rat urinary bladder.

1. Phasic contractile responses of the intact rat urinary bladder to the muscarinic agonists carbachol and pilocarpine became nearly blocked as the concentrations were progressively increased to 200-500 microM. In contrast, tonic contractile responses remained elevated throughout progressive increases in agonist concentration.

Immunohistochemical definition of antigenic determinants of pregnancy-associated alpha 2-glycoprotein (alpha 2-PAG) using monoclonal antibodies.

Human pregnancy-associated alpha 2-glycoprotein (alpha 2-PAG) is a high molecular weight glycoprotein in normal sera. The protein is present in high concentration in the sera of pregnant females and in abnormally low concentration in association with conditions connected with abnormalities of mucosal immunity. Indirect immunoperoxidase techniques using poly- and monoclonal antibodies were employed to identify pregnancy-associated alpha 2-PAG in different tissues.

Prognostic factors in breast cancer: immunohistochemical staining for SP1 and NCRC 11 related to survival, tumour epidermal growth factor receptor and oestrogen receptor status.

It has been proposed that intense immunohistochemical staining using the monoclonal antibody NCRC 11 is indicative of a better prognosis in breast cancer, and that expression of pregnancy specific glycoprotein (SP1) and epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) are poor prognosis indicators. In order to evaluate the significance of staining for NCRC 11 to prognosis and to these other variables, we studied two series of breast cancer patients. In one series (n = 93), staining with NCRC 11 and for SP1 was correlated with prognosis: in neither case was there any overall relationship between staining and survival.

NCL-5D3: a new monoclonal antibody recognizing low molecular weight cytokeratins effective for immunohistochemistry using fixed paraffin-embedded tissue.

Production of a new monoclonal antibody designated NCL-5D3 is described. The antibody recognizes several low molecular weight cytokeratins, in particular cytokeratin Moll number 8 as determined by immunoblotting studies, and is highly effective for immunocytochemistry using routinely processed paraffin-embedded material. Staining is enhanced by prior treatment of the sections with trypsin.

Immunohistochemical staining of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in paraffin sections using the MB1 and MT1 monoclonal antibodies.

We have performed a single blind trial to assess the value of the monoclonal antibodies MB1 and MT1 in lymphoma classification. Sixty cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) were stained with MB1 and MT1 using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique in paraffin sections. The majority of B tumours (27/33) stained with MB1, and most of the T tumours (24/27) stained with MT1.

Blockade and recovery of cholinergic transmission in rats treated with hemicholinium 3.

Nerve-induced responses of parotid gland and gastrocnemius muscle were reduced by HC-3 (1 mg kg-1) in proportion to the number of stimuli. Contractions by somatic muscle at 100 Hz were abolished after 6.0 X 10(3) stimuli while 14 X 10(3) were applied at 20 Hz before secretion was blocked.

Survival in breast cancer related to tumour oestrogen receptor status and immunohistochemical staining for NCRC 11.

NCRC 11 is a monoclonal antibody raised against dissociated breast cancer cells. Using this antibody, it has been shown in an earlier study that staining of a high proportion of tumour cells is strongly associated with superior survival. Many investigators have found that positive tumour oestrogen receptor (OER) status is associated with better survival in breast cancer.

The primary culture of epithelia from the secretory coil and collecting duct of normal human and cystic fibrotic eccrine sweat glands.

Isolated human eccrine sweat glands have been microdissected into their secretory and reabsorptive components. Complete separation of these epithelia was confirmed by differential uptake of Neutral Red stain by an intermediate section of gland containing the junction between the secretory coil and the collecting duct. Primary cultures were obtained from explants of both tissues in medium RPMI-1640 or Williams E supplemented with foetal calf serum, insulin, transferrin, epidermal growth factor and hydrocortisone.

Micturition in naive and morphine-dependent rats.

Voiding responses were recorded in conscious water-loaded rats. Morphine sulphate (5 mg kg-1) elevated the volume threshold for micturition (MV); the group mean MV of 16 rats after morphine was 40% larger than control. Micturition was nevertheless complete since no urine remained in the bladder afterwards.

Digestive physiology is a determinant of foraging bout frequency in hummingbirds.

Hummingbirds are among the smallest endothermic vertebrates. Because they forage by energetically costly hovering, and because weight-specific basal metabolic rates increase with decreasing body size, their basal and active metabolic rates are among the highest recorded. Hummingbirds fuel these metabolic requirements mainly with highly concentrated sugar in nectar, which they extract rapidly and efficiently by an unknown mechanism.

Potentiation of nerve-induced bladder contractions after calcium channel blockade.

The potentiation of nerve-induced bladder contractions (NIC) by tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA), K+, or carbachol could result from a greater Ca2+ entry through Ca2+ channels in the muscle or from a greater release of transmitter by nerve terminals. Contractions of equal magnitude by the rat urinary bladder in vitro were initiated by carbachol, K+, or transmural stimulation of urinary bladder motor nerves at 1 Hz. Contractions elicited by K+ or carbachol were drastically reduced by verapamil (0.

Weight gain and adjustment of feeding territory size in migrant hummingbirds.

Rufous hummingbirds periodically establish and defend territories along their summer southward migration route. Using artificial perches attached to spring or electronic balances in the field, we were able to measure daily weight changes in undistributed, individually marked birds. The territory size (number of flowers) of individual birds varied from day to day.

Kinetic parameters of metal-substituted leucine aminopeptidase from bovine lens.

Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) is a protease requiring two divalent metal cations per subunit for activity. Zn2+, Mg2+, and Co2+ metal-substituted forms of LAP have been prepared and investigated kinetically. Substitution of metal into the two binding sites independently resulted in the preparation of Zn2+Zn2+, Mg2+Zn2+, Co2+Co2+, Zn2+Co2+, Mg2+Co2+, and Co2+Zn2+ LAP derivatives that were characterized by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.