The ontogeny of human fetal trabecular bone architecture occurs in a limb-specific manner.

Gestational growth and development of bone is an understudied process compared to soft tissues and has implications for lifelong health. This study investigated growth and development of human fetal limb bone trabecular architecture using 3D digital histomorphometry of microcomputed tomography data from the femora and humeri of 35 skeletons (17 female and 18 male) with gestational ages between 4 and 9 months. Ontogenetic data revealed: (i) fetal trabecular architecture is similar between sexes; (ii) the proximal femoral metaphysis is physically larger, with thicker trabeculae and greater bone volume fraction relative to the humerus, but other aspects of trabecular architecture are similar between the bones; (iii) between 4 and 9 months gestation there is no apparent sexual or limb dimorphism in patterns of growth, but the size of the humerus and femur diverges early in development.

A Cross-Sectional Study of Bone Nanomechanics in Hip Fracture and Aging.

Bone mechanics is well understood at every length scale except the nano-level. We aimed to investigate the relationship between bone nanoscale and tissue-level mechanics experimentally. We tested two hypotheses: (1) nanoscale strains were lower in hip fracture patients versus controls, and (2) nanoscale mineral and fibril strains were inversely correlated with aging and fracture.

Tofacitinib Adherence and Outcomes in Refractory Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Background: Tofacitinib has been approved for moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis and studied in Crohn's disease. Understanding medication adherence to oral medications in severe disease is essential.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed adherence and real-world outcomes of inflammatory bowel disease patients who initiated tofacitinib at a single care center.

Pulse arrival time, a novel sleep cardiovascular marker: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis.

Background: Pulse arrival time (PAT) is commonly used to estimate blood pressure response. We hypothesised that PAT response to obstructive respiratory events would be associated with increased cardiovascular risk in people with obstructive sleep apnoea.

Methods: PAT, defined as the time interval between electrocardiography R wave and pulse arrival by photoplethysmography, was measured in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Sleep study participants.

Nanoscale mechanisms in age-related hip-fractures.

Nanoscale mineralized collagen fibrils may be important determinants of whole-bone mechanical properties and contribute to the risk of age-related fractures. In a cross-sectional study nano- and tissue-level mechanics were compared across trabecular sections from the proximal femora of three groups (n = 10 each): ageing non-fractured donors (Controls); untreated fracture patients (Fx-Untreated); bisphosphonate-treated fracture patients (Fx-BisTreated). Collagen fibril, mineral and tissue mechanics were measured using synchrotron X-Ray diffraction of bone sections under load.