[Regional comparison of specialized outpatient and (partial) inpatient pain medicine care in Germany].

Background And Objective: Chronic pain requires graduated and staged levels of care. The aim of this study is to provide a regional overview regarding the accessibility of specialized outpatient and (partial) inpatient pain medicine care from the patient's perspective in Germany.

Material And Methods: For 1000 model patients randomly generated from German postal code location combinations, the travelling time by car (individual transport, IT) and available public transport connections (PTC) to the nearest specialized outpatient and inpatient pain medicine clinics and units were assessed using a route planner.

Redistribution of ASIC1a channels triggered by IL-6: Potential role of ASIC1a in neuroinflammation.

Cytokines, particularly IL-6, play a crucial role in modulating immune responses in the central nervous system (CNS). Elevated IL-6 levels have been observed in neuroinflammatory conditions, as well as in the sera and brains of patients with neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's, Huntington's, Multiple Sclerosis, and Alzheimer's. Additionally, alterations in regional brain pH have been noted in these conditions.

Segmental Upregulation of ASIC1 Channels in the Formalin Acute Pain Mouse Model.

Background: Hindpaw injection of formalin in rodents is used to assess acute persistent pain. The response to formalin is biphasic. The initial response (first minutes) is thought to be linked to inflammatory, peripheral mechanisms, while the latter (around 30 min after the injection), is linked to central mechanisms.

Dynamic Distribution of ASIC1a Channels and Other Proteins within Cells Detected through Fractionation.

Proteins in eukaryotic cells reside in different cell compartments. Many studies require the specific localization of proteins and the detection of any dynamic changes in intracellular protein distribution. There are several methods available for this purpose that rely on the fractionation of the different cell compartments.

Signaling Pathways in Proton and Non-proton ASIC1a Activation.

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) regulate synaptic activities and play important roles in neurodegenerative diseases as well as pain conditions. Classically, ASICs are described as transiently activated by a reduced pH, followed by desensitization; the activation allows sodium influx, and in the case of ASIC1a-composed channels, also calcium to some degree. Several factors are emerging and extensively analyzed as modulators, activating, inhibiting, and potentiating specific channel subunits.