'Piloting a framework for analysing the public contributions to R&D: new antibiotics in focus'.

Background: Within the context of increasing transparency around public contributions, a framework for reporting and analysing public contributions to research and development (R&D) was previously developed and is piloted here using the example of antibiotics. The aim of this work is to check whether the category system is feasible, to revise and adjust the granularity of the category system where necessary, and to expand the range of sources for detailed analyses.

Methods: All antimicrobial medicinal products in development, discontinued and approved in the last 10 years were identified in the literature.

Public contributions to R&D of medical innovations: A framework for analysis.

Background And Objective: Article 57 of the proposed European Union (EU) Pharmaceutical Legislation (PL, Directive) will require market authorization applicants to publicly declare any direct financial support for R&D received from public authorities. Our research aims to identify the categories needed to capture direct or indirect public contributions to R&D, provide a framework for standardized reporting of public contributions, and reduce ambiguity in the interpretation of "direct" and "indirect" public contributions.

Methods: An iterative mixed-methods approach is applied: a targeted literature review was conducted, complemented by interviews with representatives of different stakeholder groups to identify categories of public contributions to R&D, followed by searches for relevant data sources.

Expression of the mucin-like glycoprotein CD24 and its ligand siglec-10 in placentas with acute and post SARS-CoV-2 infection.

CD24 is a mucin-like glycoprotein expressed on trophoblast cells and endothelial tissue of first and third trimester placentas. As an immune suppressor, CD24 may contribute to maternal immune tolerance to the growing fetus. CD24 is known to interact with the sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins (Siglecs), specifically siglec-10.

PD-L1 expression and characterization of its carrier macrophages in placentas with acute and specifically post-SARS-CoV-2 infection.

At the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, uncertainties about the virus and its dangers during pregnancy caused great uncertainty and fear, especially among pregnant women. New data suggest an increased risk of obstetric complications, including maternal complications, preterm labor, intrauterine growth restriction, hypertensive disorders, stillbirths, gestational diabetes and risk, of neonatal developmental disorders. In addition, preeclampsia (PE)-like syndromes were also induced by severe COVID-19 infection.