Cerebellar climbing fibers signal flexible, rapidly adapting reward predictions.

Classical models of cerebellar computation posit that climbing fibers (CFs) operate according to supervised learning rules, correcting movements by signaling the occurrence of motor errors. However, recent findings suggest that in some behaviors, CF activity can exhibit features that resemble the instructional signals necessary for reinforcement learning, namely reward prediction errors (rPEs). Despite these initial observations, many key properties of reward-related CF responses remain unclear, thus limiting our understanding of how they operate to guide cerebellar learning.

Test-retest repeatability of myocardial radiomic features from quantitative cardiac magnetic resonance T1 and T2 mapping.

Radiomics of cardiac magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has proved to be potentially useful in the study of various myocardial diseases. Therefore, assessing the repeatability degree in radiomic features measurement is of fundamental importance. The aim of this study was to assess test-retest repeatability of myocardial radiomic features extracted from quantitative T1 and T2 maps.

Collinearity and Dimensionality Reduction in Radiomics: Effect of Preprocessing Parameters in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Magnetic Resonance T1 and T2 Mapping.

Radiomics and artificial intelligence have the potential to become a valuable tool in clinical applications. Frequently, radiomic analyses through machine learning methods present issues caused by high dimensionality and multicollinearity, and redundant radiomic features are usually removed based on correlation analysis. We assessed the effect of preprocessing-in terms of voxel size resampling, discretization, and filtering-on correlation-based dimensionality reduction in radiomic features from cardiac T1 and T2 maps of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Determination of Traditional and Designer Benzodiazepines in Urine through LC-MS/MS.

Background: The detection of new designer benzodiazepines in biological fluids and tissues, together with the traditional ones, could represent an important analytical update for laboratories performing clinical and forensic toxicological analysis.

Objective: A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method (LC-MS/MS) has been developed, fully validated, and applied to a cohort of real urine samples collected from patients under withdrawal treatment and from intoxication cases.

Methods: 100 μL urines were added to a buffer solution containing deuterated internal standards; the samples were then extracted through a liquid/liquid procedure, dried under a nitrogen stream, and reconstituted in mobile phase.

Peripancreatic paraganglioma: Lesson from a round table.

We described the case of a peripancreatic paraganglioma (PGL) misdiagnosed as pancreatic lesion. Surgical exploration revealed an unremarkable pancreas and a large well-defined cystic mass originating at the mesocolon root. Radical enucleation of the mass was performed, preserving the pancreatic tail.