Contamination acts as a genotype-dependent barrier to gene flow, causing genetic erosion and fine-grained population subdivision in Mussels from the Strait of Istanbul.

This study provides evidence of fine-grained genetic structuring in Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from the Strait of Istanbul, caused by barriers to gene flow via contaminant-mediated selection. In this study, mitochondrial D-loop sequences were analyzed in mussels from 8 localities, all less than 30 kilometers apart, with differing contaminant loads. The results were: 1) Intra-population genetic differentiation (Φ) between sites with high and low contaminant loads was high (up to 0.

Biarticular mechanisms of the gastrocnemii muscles enhance ankle mechanical power and work during running.

The objective of the study was to explore how biarticular mechanisms of the gastrocnemii muscles may provide an important energy source for power and work at the ankle joint with increasing running speed. Achilles tendon force was quantified as a proxy of the triceps surae muscle force and the contribution of the monoarticular soleus and the biarticular gastrocnemii to the mechanical power and work performed at the ankle joint was investigated in three running speeds (transition 2.0 m s, slow 2.

Contractile Work of the Soleus and Biarticular Mechanisms of the Gastrocnemii Muscles Increase the Net Ankle Mechanical Work at High Walking Speeds.

Increasing walking speed is accompanied by an increase of the mechanical power and work performed at the ankle joint despite the decrease of the intrinsic muscle force potential of the soleus (Sol) and gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscles. In the present study, we measured Achilles tendon (AT) elongation and, based on an experimentally determined AT force-elongation relationship, quantified AT force at four walking speeds (slow 0.7 m.

A Simplified Method for Considering Achilles Tendon Curvature in the Assessment of Tendon Elongation.

The consideration of the Achilles tendon (AT) curvature is crucial for the precise determination of AT length and strain. We previously established an ultrasound-kinematic-based method to quantify the curvature, using a line of reflective foil skin markers covering the AT from origin to insertion. The current study aimed to simplify the method by reducing the number of markers while maintaining high accuracy.