Septal wall synthesis is sufficient to change ameba-like cells into uniform oval-shaped cells in Escherichia coli L-forms.

A cell wall is required to control cell shape and size to maintain growth and division. However, some bacterial species maintain their morphology and size without a cell wall, calling into question the importance of the cell wall to maintain shape and size. It has been very difficult to examine the dispensability of cell wall synthesis in rod-shaped bacteria such as Escherichia coli for maintenance of their shape and size because they lyse without cell walls under normal culture conditions.

Quantitative Chemical Analysis of Defensive Secretion of Megacrania tsudai (Phasmatidae) and Effect of Actinidine on its Potential Predators.

Insects avoid predation in various ways, and some use multiple ways to avoid predation. However, the effects of comprehensive avoidance methods and the differences in avoidance methods among different life stages of insects have not been sufficiently discussed. The big head stick insect Megacrania tsudai uses background matching as its primary defense and chemical defense as its secondary defense.

A Report on the Positive Response to an Outdoor Nature Challenge of a Snow Camp for Young Liver Transplant Patients.

Objectives: More than two decades have passed since the first living donor liver transplantation was performed in Japan in 1989. There are many reports about problems in adherence to taking medication and medical follow-ups in children who received liver transplants, because there is no transition strategy for those children and parents or guardians. The objective of this study is to measure the effect of nature and outdoor activity to improve children's medical adherence.

Discrepancy in Psychological Attitudes Toward Living Donor Liver Transplantation Between Recipients and Donors.

Background: Mutual understanding between recipients and donors is indispensable when living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is performed, which, however, has gained little attention and remains unaddressed in the literature.

Methods: Fifty-seven pairs, a recipient (mean ± SD age at the operation, 48.3 ± 10.

Yucasin is a potent inhibitor of YUCCA, a key enzyme in auxin biosynthesis.

Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), an auxin plant hormone, is biosynthesized from tryptophan. The indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPyA) pathway, involving the tryptophan aminotransferase TAA1 and YUCCA (YUC) enzymes, was recently found to be a major IAA biosynthetic pathway in Arabidopsis. TAA1 catalyzes the conversion of tryptophan to IPyA, and YUC produces IAA from IPyA.