Pneumoparotid with imaging findings: A case report and review of literature.

Background: Pneumoparotid is a rare disease associated with retrograde airflow into the ductal system. There is no established treatment for this disease, which has no known complications. Mouth puffing and playing wind instruments are known to be the causes of this disease.

Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) seed extract for treatment of sleep/wake fragmentation in diet-induced obese mice.

Dietary supplementation with melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) seed extract (MSE) has been an integral part of an anti-obesity therapeutic regimen. To examine the relationship between anti-obesity and sleep, we explored the effect of MSE on sleep structure in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice.

Behavioral characteristics of dopamine D receptor knockout mice.

Major psychiatric disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and schizophrenia are often accompanied by elevated impulsivity. However, anti-impulsive drug treatments are still limited. To explore a novel molecular target, we examined the role of dopamine D receptors in impulse control using mice that completely lack D receptors (D5KO mice).

Serotonin 5-HT receptor knockout in mice attenuates fear responses in contextual or cued but not compound context-cue fear conditioning.

Previous findings have proposed that drugs targeting 5-HT receptors could be promising candidates in the treatment of trauma- and stress-related disorders. However, the reduction of conditioned freezing observed in 5-HT receptor knock-out (KO) mice in previous studies could alternatively be accounted for by increased locomotor activity. To neutralize the confound of individual differences in locomotor activity, we measured a ratio of fear responses during versus before the presentation of a conditioned stimulus previously paired with a footshock (as a fear measure) by utilizing a conditioned licking suppression paradigm.

Disruption of model-based decision making by silencing of serotonin neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus.

Adapting to changing environmental conditions requires a prospective inference of future actions and their consequences, a strategy also known as model-based decision making. In stable environments, extensive experience of actions and their consequences leads to a shift from a model-based to a model-free strategy, whereby behavioral selection is primarily governed by retrospective experiences of positive and negative outcomes. Human and animal studies, where subjects are required to speculate about implicit information and adjust behavioral responses over multiple sessions, point to a role for the central serotonergic system in model-based decision making.