Mesenchymal stem cells from tumor microenvironment favour breast cancer stem cell proliferation, cancerogenic and metastatic potential, via ionotropic purinergic signalling.

Interaction between tumor cells and the microenvironment is key in initiation, progression, and invasiveness of cancer. In particular, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are recruited to the sites of developing tumors, thus promoting metastasis formation. Although it is well known that MSCs migrate and integrate in the tumor microenvironment (TME), their fate and function inside the tumor is still not clear.

NO donors exhibit anti-inflammatory properties by modulating inflammatory signatures and by regulating the life cycle of dendritic cells.

NO mediates a variety of physiologic processes and is considered an important intracellular messenger in different cellular systems. Because of its complex regulation and multiple molecular and cellular targets, NO provides both stimulatory and suppressive properties in the immune system. Dendritic cells (DCs) are considered the most potent APCs, whose regulation has important implications in the induction of an effective immune response.

Optimized "in vitro" culture conditions for human rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts.

The composition of synovial fluid in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is complex and strongly influences the microenvironment of joints and it is an inseparable element of the disease. Currently, "in vitro" studies are performed on RA cells cultured in the presence of either recombinant proinflammatory cytokines-conditioned medium or medium alone. In this study, we evaluated the use of synovial fluid, derived from RA patients, as optimal culture condition to perform "in vitro" studies on RA synovial fibroblasts.

Recombinant C1 inhibitor in brain ischemic injury.

Objective: C1 inhibitor (C1-INH) is an endogenous inhibitor of complement and kinin systems. We have explored the efficacy and the therapeutic window of the recently available human recombinant (rh) C1-INH on ischemic brain injury and investigated its mechanism of action in comparison with that of plasma-derived (pd) C1-INH.

Methods: rhC1-INH was administered intravenously to C57Bl/6 mice undergoing transient or permanent ischemia, and its protective effects were evaluated by measuring infarct volume and neurodegeneration.

Neurosphere-derived cells exert a neuroprotective action by changing the ischemic microenvironment.

Background: Neurosphere-derived cells (NC), containing neural stem cells, various progenitors and more differentiated cells, were obtained from newborn C57/BL6 mice and infused in a murine model of focal ischemia with reperfusion to investigate if: 1) they decreased ischemic injury and restored brain function; 2) they induced changes in the environment in which they are infused; 3) changes in brain environment consequent to transient ischemia were relevant for NC action.

Methodology/principal Findings: NC were infused intracerebroventricularly 4 h or 7 d after 30 min middle cerebral artery occlusion. In ischemic mice receiving cells at 4 h, impairment of open field performance was significantly improved and neuronal loss significantly reduced 7-14 d after ischemia compared to controls and to ischemic mice receiving cells at 7 d.