Endoplasmic reticulum chaperones GRP78 and calreticulin prevent oxidative stress, Ca2+ disturbances, and cell death in renal epithelial cells.

Activation of stress response genes can impart cellular tolerance to environmental stress. Iodoacetamide (IDAM) is an alkylating toxicant that up-regulates expression of hsp70 (Liu, H., Lightfoot, D.