Management of hyperthyroidism in children.

Treatment of hyperthyroidism in children differs according to its etiology; in particular, the optimal therapy of Graves' disease (GD) remains a matter of debate and there is currently no evidence-based therapeutic strategy that is universally adopted in all the countries. Areas covered: The most recent treatment strategies in the different pediatric conditions which may be associated with hyperthyroidism. We searched PubMed and Cochrane (1990 to 2016) in order to identify articles to include in this review using the following terms: Hyperthyroidism, Childhood, Antithyroid drug therapy, Thyroidectomy, Radioactive iodine.

Early Discrimination between Transient and Permanent Congenital Hypothyroidism in Children with Eutopic Gland.

Aim: To analyze the factors that might allow an early discrimination between permanent (P) and transient (T) congenital hypothyroidism (CH).

Methods: Clinical, biochemical and imaging data of 64 children with eutopic gland, who were positively screened and treated for CH during the period 1998-2011, were retrospectively analyzed.

Results: During a 3-year treatment period, the mean doses of L-thyroxine (L-T4) per kilogram of body weight at various times were significantly lower in the 46 children with T CH than in the remaining 18 with P CH.

Peculiarities of autoimmune thyroid diseases in children with Turner or Down syndrome: an overview.

Unlabelled: Aim of this commentary is to summarize the salient literature news on the relationships between autoimmune thyroid diseases (ATDs) and either Down syndrome (DS) or Turner syndrome (TS).According to literature reports both Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and Graves' disease (GD) are more frequent in children with DS or TS than in those without these chromosomopathies.An up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines might be responsible for the enhanced susceptibility of TS children to ATDs, whereas a dysregulation of immune system may favor the development of ATDs in DS.

Inhibin B in adolescents and young adults with Turner syndrome.

Objective: Primary gonadal failure may occur in most individuals with Turner syndrome (TS). Since ovaries in TS girls undergo premature apoptosis and cryopreservation of ovarian tissue is now feasible, it would be useful to identify a reliable marker of ovarian reserve in these patients. We planned to evaluate ovarian function in a group of TS patients by measuring both traditional markers and inhibin B and to compare these results with those of a control group.

The importance of disease prevalence in assessing the diagnostic value of a test: endoscopic markers in celiac disease.

Background/aims: We evaluated the diagnostic variability and reproducibility of endoscopic signs in two populations with a different pretest likelihood of celiac disease (CD).

Methods: We recruited 289 CD patients (both adults and children) in a multicenter prospective study. Group 1 (high risk) included 111 patients referred for positive serology.